Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a crucial macronutrient for plants and serves as a significant measure of soil productivity. The leaching of N-nitrate creates significant hazards for human health and ground water quality. Supplemental irrigation applied to various field crops significantly alters crop yield and nitrate (NO3-) leaching within the soil. Determining the influence of various N rates and irrigation levels on yield and NO3- leaching could help to select the optimum combination of irrigation and N. The influence of various irrigation levels and N rates on NO3- leaching, soil physicochemical characteristics and grain yield of wheat crop was investigated. Two irrigation levels, i.e., I1 and I2 (60% and 75% of field capacity) and three N levels, i.e., 105, 130 and 160 kg/ha named as N1, N2 and N3 were included in the study. The irrigation and N levels were optimized in preliminary studies. Data relating to yield-related characteristics of wheat and soil physicochemical properties were recorded. The growth and yield traits of the wheat crop were considerably influenced by varying degrees of irrigation N application. The interactive effect of I2N3 resulted in the highest numbers of tillers m-2 (18.9), 1000-grain weight (40.3 g), and straw (5.87 t ha-1) and grain (4.17 t ha-1) yields. Irrigation significantly affected infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil and soil strength. The bulk density of soil increased, while soil porosity decreased with increasing depth. Economic analysis revealed that higher irrigation and N levels, i.e., I2N3 resulted in the highest net economic returns. The NO3- concentration was significantly affected by soil depth and time after application of fertilizer. The NO3- concentration exhibited its greatest value at a depth of 0.35 m, while its lowest value was seen at a depth of 1 m. In addition, the concentration of NO3- exhibited a decline throughout the course of time after the administration of N. It is concluded that higher application of irrigation water and N fertilizer increased wheat yield and economic returns, and NO3- leaching. Therefore, alternative N sources with lower NO3- leaching must be used to reduce the adverse impacts on groundwater and environment.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
I2N3 gave the highest numbers of tillers m-2 (18.9).
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- I2N3e0
- Outcome
- numbers of tillers m-2e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interactive effect of I2N3 resulted in the highest numbers of tillers m-2 (18.9), 1000-grain weight (40.3 g), and straw (5.87 t ha-1) and grain (4.17 t ha-1) yields.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
I2N3 gave the highest 1000-grain weight (40.3 g).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I2N3e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 40.3 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interactive effect of I2N3 resulted in the highest numbers of tillers m-2 (18.9), 1000-grain weight (40.3 g), and straw (5.87 t ha-1) and grain (4.17 t ha-1) yields.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
I2N3 gave the highest straw (5.87 t ha-1).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interactive effect of I2N3 resulted in the highest numbers of tillers m-2 (18.9), 1000-grain weight (40.3 g), and straw (5.87 t ha-1) and grain (4.17 t ha-1) yields.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
I2N3 gave the highest grain (4.17 t ha-1).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interactive effect of I2N3 resulted in the highest numbers of tillers m-2 (18.9), 1000-grain weight (40.3 g), and straw (5.87 t ha-1) and grain (4.17 t ha-1) yields.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation significantly affected soil infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil strength.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil and soil strengthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation significantly affected infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil and soil strength.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bulk density increased with depth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- bulk density of soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bulk density of soil increased, while soil porosity decreased with increasing depth.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil porosity decreased with depth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil porositye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bulk density of soil increased, while soil porosity decreased with increasing depth.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
I2N3 produced the highest net economic returns.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I2N3e0
- Outcome
- net economic returnse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Economic analysis revealed that higher irrigation and N levels, i.e., I2N3 resulted in the highest net economic returns.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate concentration varied significantly with soil depth and time after fertilization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NO3- concentratione0
- Setting
- soil depth and time after application of fertilizere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NO3- concentration was significantly affected by soil depth and time after application of fertilizer.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate concentration was greatest at 0.35 m depth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NO3- concentratione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Setting
- a depth of 0.35 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NO3- concentration exhibited its greatest value at a depth of 0.35 m, while its lowest value was seen at a depth of 1 m.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate concentration was lowest at 1 m depth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NO3- concentratione0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Setting
- a depth of 1 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NO3- concentration exhibited its greatest value at a depth of 0.35 m, while its lowest value was seen at a depth of 1 m.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate concentration declined over time after nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- concentration of NO3-e0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Setting
- time after the administration of Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration of NO3- exhibited a decline throughout the course of time after the administration of N.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation and nitrogen increased wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- higher application of irrigation water and N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher application of irrigation water and N fertilizer increased wheat yield and economic returns, and NO3- leaching.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation and nitrogen increased economic returns.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- higher application of irrigation water and N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- economic returnse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher application of irrigation water and N fertilizer increased wheat yield and economic returns, and NO3- leaching.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation and nitrogen increased nitrate leaching.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher application of irrigation water and N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- NO3- leachinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher application of irrigation water and N fertilizer increased wheat yield and economic returns, and NO3- leaching.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend alternative nitrogen sources with lower nitrate leaching.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- alternative N sources with lower NO3- leachinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alternative N sources with lower NO3- leaching must be used to reduce the adverse impacts on groundwater and environment.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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