Abstract
The simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often co-occur during rice-growing periods in saline lands, due to inadequate water resources and poor irrigation facilities. Hence, combined salinity-drought stress poses a major threat to saline rice production. This study performed with two salinity levels (NS, non-salinity; HS, high salinity) and three drought treatments (CC, control condition; DJ, drought imposed at jointing; DH, drought imposed at heading) was conducted to investigate the combined influences of salinity and drought on leaf photosynthetic characteristics, biomass accumulation and yield formation in rice. Salinity, drought and their combination shortened the growth duration from heading to maturity and total growth duration. Grain yield was reduced under the salinity and drought stress, and the reduction was more extensive under the combined salinity-drought stress. The combined stress at heading induced a greater yield loss of rice than the corresponding stress at jointing. The combined salinity-drought stress caused greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity, and shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the stem at heading and maturity, while increasing the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve. Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves and weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by the lower photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and the reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress. Salinity, drought, and especially their combined stress decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide radical. Our results indicated a greater yield loss of rice when subjected to combined salinity-drought stress. The individual and especially combined stress of salinity and drought reduced the antioxidant enzyme activities, inhibited leaf photosynthetic functions, accelerated leaf senescence, and thereby lowered assimilate accumulation and grain yield.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity shortened the growth duration from heading to maturity in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- growth duration from heading to maturitye1
- Direction
- shortenede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e1“Salinity, drought and their combination shortened the growth duration from heading to maturity and total growth duration”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought shortened the growth duration from heading to maturity in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- growth duration from heading to maturitye1
- Direction
- shortenede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e1“Salinity, drought and their combination shortened the growth duration from heading to maturity and total growth duration”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined salinity-drought stress shortened the growth duration from heading to maturity in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined salinity-drought stresse2
- Outcome
- growth duration from heading to maturitye1
- Direction
- shortenede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e1“Salinity, drought and their combination shortened the growth duration from heading to maturity and total growth duration”
e2“Grain yield was reduced under the salinity and drought stress, and the reduction was more extensive under the combined salinity-drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced grain yield of rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e2“Grain yield was reduced under the salinity and drought stress, and the reduction was more extensive under the combined salinity-drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced grain yield of rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- droughte2
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e2“Grain yield was reduced under the salinity and drought stress, and the reduction was more extensive under the combined salinity-drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The grain yield reduction under combined salinity-drought stress was more extensive than under salinity and drought stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined salinity-drought stresse2
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- more extensivee2
- Comparator
- the salinity and drought stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e2“Grain yield was reduced under the salinity and drought stress, and the reduction was more extensive under the combined salinity-drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress at heading caused a greater yield loss of rice than the corresponding stress at jointing.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined stress at headinge3
- Outcome
- yield losse3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Comparator
- the corresponding stress at jointinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e3“The combined stress at heading induced a greater yield loss of rice than the corresponding stress at jointing”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salinity-drought stress caused greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined salinity-drought stresse4
- Outcome
- shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturitye4
- Direction
- greater decreasese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e4“The combined salinity-drought stress caused greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity, and shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the stem at heading and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salinity-drought stress caused greater decreases in shoot biomass and NSC content in the stem at heading and maturity.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- stem at heading and maturitye4
- Treatment
- combined salinity-drought stresse4
- Outcome
- shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) contente4
- Direction
- greater decreasese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e4“The combined salinity-drought stress caused greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity, and shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the stem at heading and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salinity-drought stress increased the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve of rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined salinity-drought stresse4
- Outcome
- harvest index and NSC remobilization reservee5
- Direction
- increasinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e4“The combined salinity-drought stress caused greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity, and shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the stem at heading and maturity”
e5“while increasing the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinitye6
- Outcome
- leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leavese6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e6“Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- droughte6
- Outcome
- leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leavese6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e6“Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity weakened leaf photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinitye6
- Outcome
- photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductancee7
- Direction
- weakenede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e6“Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves”
e7“weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by the lower photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and the reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought weakened leaf photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- droughte6
- Outcome
- photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductancee7
- Direction
- weakenede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e6“Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves”
e7“weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by the lower photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and the reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The reductions in leaf photosynthetic characteristics were more pronounced under combined stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined stresse7
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic characteristicse7
- Direction
- more pronouncede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e7“weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by the lower photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and the reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity, drought and their combined stress decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinity, drought, and especially their combined stresse6
- Outcome
- activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutasee6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e6“Salinity, drought, and especially their combined stress decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide radical”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity, drought and their combined stress increased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical contents in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinity, drought, and especially their combined stresse6
- Outcome
- contents of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide radicale6
- Direction
- increasinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e6“Salinity, drought, and especially their combined stress decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide radical”
Claim · model-written summary
The individual and combined salinity and drought stress accelerated leaf senescence in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- The individual and especially combined stress of salinity and droughte7
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee7
- Direction
- acceleratede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress”
e7“The individual and especially combined stress of salinity and drought reduced the antioxidant enzyme activities, inhibited leaf photosynthetic functions, accelerated leaf senescence, and thereby lowered assimilate accumulation and grain yield”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.