Abstract
Process-based understanding of the response of rice to salinity stress is crucial for being able to assess rice performance in saline conditions and also for developing models that can simulate rice development when it is subjected to salinity. In this paper results are presented from two greenhouse experiments in Vietnam and one experiment in the phytroton at IRRI that were conducted to quantify the response of rice cv. IR64 to salinity. In the experiments, the rice plants were subjected to salinity levels varying from EC 4 to 18 dS m−1 for 14 days at three growth stages (transplanting (TP), panicle initiation (PI) and flowering (FL)). The results showed that salinity stress at TP and PI delayed the flowering and maturity date of rice. A positive relationship was found between the delay of the flowering and maturity date (from five to ten days) and salinity levels. Salinity stress at FL increased leaf senescence and reduced the grain-filling period, especially at salinity stress level 18 dS m−1. Treatments with EC 6 dS m−1, and EC 12 dS m−1 imposed at TP, did not reduce grain yields significantly compared to the control treatment. Most seedlings died after three to eight days of imposition of salinity levels of EC 18 dS m−1 at transplanting. However, if stress was relieved before death of seedlings, they recovered and resulted in about 20% yield reduction. Salinity of EC 12 and 18 dS m−1 imposed at PI reduced the number of spikelets, created sink limitation during the grain-filling period and yielded only 80% (for 12 dS m−1) and 35% (18 dS m−1) of the yield of the control treatment. Salinity of EC 12 and 18 dS m−1 imposed at FL reduced 1000-grain weight and produced about 40% and 80% of yield of the control treatment. These findings support our hypothesis that rice responses to short-term salinity stress are similar to drought-stress responses.© Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity at transplanting delayed rice flowering and maturity.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- salinity stress at TPe0
- Outcome
- flowering and maturity datee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress at TP and PI delayed the flowering and maturity date of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity at panicle initiation delayed rice flowering and maturity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- salinity stress at TP and PIe0
- Outcome
- flowering and maturity datee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress at TP and PI delayed the flowering and maturity date of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering and maturity delays of five to ten days increased with salinity level.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- delay of the flowering and maturity datee0
- Direction
- positive relationshipe0
- Value
- five to ten dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A positive relationship was found between the delay of the flowering and maturity date (from five to ten days) and salinity levels”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity at flowering increased leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress at FLe0
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress at FL increased leaf senescence and reduced the grain-filling period”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity at flowering shortened grain filling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress at FLe0
- Outcome
- grain-filling periode0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress at FL increased leaf senescence and reduced the grain-filling period”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 6 dS m−1 at transplanting did not significantly reduce grain yield versus control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- EC 6 dS m−1e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with EC 6 dS m−1, and EC 12 dS m−1 imposed at TP, did not reduce grain yields significantly compared to the control treatment”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 12 dS m−1 at transplanting did not significantly reduce grain yield versus control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- EC 12 dS m−1e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with EC 6 dS m−1, and EC 12 dS m−1 imposed at TP, did not reduce grain yields significantly compared to the control treatment”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Most rice seedlings died within three to eight days under EC 18 dS m−1 at transplanting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity levels of EC 18 dS m−1 at transplantinge0
- Outcome
- seedlings diede0
- Value
- three to eight dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most seedlings died after three to eight days of imposition of salinity levels of EC 18 dS m−1 at transplanting”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings recovered when salinity was relieved before death.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seedlings, they recoverede0
- Qualifier
- stress was relieved before deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if stress was relieved before death of seedlings, they recovered”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovered seedlings had about 20% yield reduction.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- stress was relievede0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- about 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if stress was relieved before death of seedlings, they recovered and resulted in about 20% yield reduction”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 12 dS m−1 at panicle initiation reduced spikelet number.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- EC 12e0
- Outcome
- number of spikeletse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity of EC 12 and 18 dS m−1 imposed at PI reduced the number of spikelets”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 18 dS m−1 at panicle initiation reduced spikelet number.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 18 dS m−1 imposed at PIe0
- Outcome
- number of spikeletse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity of EC 12 and 18 dS m−1 imposed at PI reduced the number of spikelets”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 12 dS m−1 at panicle initiation yielded 80% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 12 dS m−1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- onlye0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yielded only 80% (for 12 dS m−1) and 35% (18 dS m−1) of the yield of the control treatment”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 18 dS m−1 at panicle initiation yielded 35% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 18 dS m−1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- onlye0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yielded only 80% (for 12 dS m−1) and 35% (18 dS m−1) of the yield of the control treatment”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 12 dS m−1 at flowering reduced 1000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- EC 12e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity of EC 12 and 18 dS m−1 imposed at FL reduced 1000-grain weight”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 18 dS m−1 at flowering reduced 1000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 18 dS m−1 imposed at FLe0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity of EC 12 and 18 dS m−1 imposed at FL reduced 1000-grain weight”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 12 dS m−1 at flowering produced about 40% of control yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- EC 12e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- about 40%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity of EC 12 and 18 dS m−1 imposed at FL reduced 1000-grain weight and produced about 40% and 80% of yield of the control treatment”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
EC 18 dS m−1 at flowering produced about 80% of control yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 18 dS m−1 imposed at FLe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity of EC 12 and 18 dS m−1 imposed at FL reduced 1000-grain weight and produced about 40% and 80% of yield of the control treatment”
t0“rice”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.