Abstract
Introduction: Heat stress is a vital factor which restricts rice seed quality and yield. However, the response mechanism to heat stress in the mid filling stage of rice seed is unclear. Methods: In the present study we integrated phenotypic analysis with biochemical, hormone, and gene expression analysis in order to explore technologies for improving rice seeds heat tolerance and subsequent seed germination. Results: Spermidine (Spd) application effectively alleviated the damage of heat stress treatment during mid-filling stage (HTM, 12-20 days after pollination) on seed development, promoted subsequent seed germination and seedlings establishment. Spd significantly increased seed dry weight, starch and amylose contents during seed development under heat stress, and improved seed germinate, seedlings establishment and seedling characteristics during germination time. Biochemical analysis indicated that, HTM significantly decreased the activities of several starch synthase enzymes and led to a decrease in starch content. While Spd treatment significantly enhanced the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylas and granule-bound starch synthase, as well as the corresponding-genes expressions in HTM rice seeds, resulting in the increases of amylose and total starch contents. In addition, Spd significantly increased the catalase and glutathione reductase activities together with corresponding-genes expressions, and lowered the overaccumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in HTM seeds. In the subsequent seed germination process, HTM+Spd seeds exhibited dramatically up-regulated levels of soluble sugars, glucose, ATP and energy charges. Consistently, HTM+Spd seeds showed significantly increased of α-amylose and α-glucosidase activities as well as corresponding-genes expressions during early germination. Moreover, HTM evidently increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content, decreased the gibberellin (GA) content, and accordingly significantly declined the GA/ABA ratio during early rice seeds germination. However, Spd treatment did not significantly affect the metabolism of GA and ABA in seed germination stage. Discussion: The present study suggested that Spd treatment could effectively alleviate the negative impact of HTM on seed development and the subsequent seed germination, which might be closely correlated with starch synthesis and antioxidant defense during seed filling period, starch decomposition and energy supply in seed germination period.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-filling heat stress (HTM) significantly decreased the activities of several starch synthase enzymes.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- HTMe5
- Outcome
- activities of several starch synthase enzymese5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“HTM significantly decreased the activities of several starch synthase enzymes and led to a decrease in starch content”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-filling heat stress (HTM) decreased starch content in rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HTMe5
- Outcome
- starch contente5
- Direction
- decreasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“HTM significantly decreased the activities of several starch synthase enzymes and led to a decrease in starch content”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine significantly enhanced the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and granule-bound starch synthase in heat-stressed rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd treatmente6
- Outcome
- activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylas and granule-bound starch synthasee6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Comparator
- HTM rice seedse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“While Spd treatment significantly enhanced the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylas and granule-bound starch synthase, as well as the corresponding-genes expressions in HTM rice seeds, resulting in the increases of amylose and total starch contents”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine treatment increased amylose and total starch contents in heat-stressed rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd treatmente6
- Outcome
- amylose and total starch contentse6
- Direction
- increasese6
- Comparator
- HTM rice seedse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“While Spd treatment significantly enhanced the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylas and granule-bound starch synthase, as well as the corresponding-genes expressions in HTM rice seeds, resulting in the increases of amylose and total starch contents”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine significantly increased catalase and glutathione reductase activities in rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spde7
- Outcome
- catalase and glutathione reductase activitiese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Spd significantly increased the catalase and glutathione reductase activities together with corresponding-genes expressions”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine lowered the overaccumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in heat-stressed rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spde7
- Outcome
- overaccumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- HTMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Spd significantly increased the catalase and glutathione reductase activities together with corresponding-genes expressions”
e0“lowered the overaccumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in HTM seeds”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
HTM+Spd seeds showed dramatically up-regulated levels of soluble sugars, glucose and ATP during germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HTM+Spde0
- Outcome
- soluble sugars, glucose, ATPe0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTM+Spd seeds exhibited dramatically up-regulated levels of soluble sugars, glucose, ATP and energy charges”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
HTM+Spd seeds showed dramatically up-regulated energy charges during germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HTM+Spde0
- Outcome
- energy chargese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTM+Spd seeds exhibited dramatically up-regulated levels of soluble sugars, glucose, ATP and energy charges”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
HTM+Spd seeds showed significantly increased alpha-amylose and alpha-glucosidase activities during early germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HTM+Spd seedse0
- Outcome
- α-amylose and α-glucosidase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTM+Spd seeds showed significantly increased of α-amylose and α-glucosidase activities as well as corresponding-genes expressions during early germination”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-filling heat stress (HTM) evidently increased abscisic acid (ABA) content in germinating rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HTMe0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTM evidently increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content, decreased the gibberellin (GA) content, and accordingly significantly declined the GA/ABA ratio during early rice seeds germination”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-filling heat stress (HTM) decreased gibberellin (GA) content in germinating rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HTMe0
- Outcome
- gibberellin (GA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTM evidently increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content, decreased the gibberellin (GA) content, and accordingly significantly declined the GA/ABA ratio during early rice seeds germination”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-filling heat stress (HTM) significantly declined the GA/ABA ratio during early rice seed germination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HTMe0
- Outcome
- GA/ABA ratioe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTM evidently increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content, decreased the gibberellin (GA) content, and accordingly significantly declined the GA/ABA ratio during early rice seeds germination”
t0“rice seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine treatment did not significantly affect GA and ABA metabolism in the seed germination stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd treatmente0
- Outcome
- metabolism of GA and ABAe0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd treatment did not significantly affect the metabolism of GA and ABA in seed germination stage”
t0“rice seeds”
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