Abstract
Success in super rice breeding has been considered a great progress in rice production in China. However, many un-filled inferior spikelets limit the realization of great yield. As polyamines have been frequently described as endogenous plant growth regulators or intracellular messengers mediating physiological processes, this study investigated whether and how poly-amines are involved in the regulating post-anthesis development of rice spikelets. Four super rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu and II you 084 (indica hybrids), Huaidao 9 and Wujing 15 (japonica), and two high-yielding check cultivars, Shanyou 63 (indica hybrid) and Yangfujing 8 (japonica), were field grown. Concentrations of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) in both inferior and superior spikelets during the grain filling period and grain filling rate were determined. The relationship between polyamine concentrations and grain filling rate were analyzed, and chemical regulators were applied to verify the roles of poly-amines in grain filling. The results showed that the maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, and brown rice weight for superior spikelets showed small difference between the super rice and check rice, but those of inferior spikelets were significantly lower for super rice than for check rice cultivars. Changes in concentrations of polyamines in grains exhibited single peak during the grain filling period. The peak and mean concentrations of Put were greater in inferior than in superior spikelets. The peak and mean concentrations of Spd and Spm were greater in the superior than in the inferior, and greater in the check rice than in the su-per rice. The mean grain filling rate and brown rice weight were negatively and very significantly correlated with the Put concen-trations, and positively and very significantly correlated with Spd and Spm concentrations, Spd/Put, and Spm/Put. Application of Spd or Spm to panicle at the early grain filling stage significantly enhanced activities of sucrose synthetase, adenine di-phosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, and soluble starch synthetase in inferior spikelets, and significantly increased grain filling rate, seed setting rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets. Application of Put or methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG, an inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase) exhibited an opposite effect. The results suggest that polyamines play a role in regulating grain filling. Low concentrations of Spd and Spm and low Spd/Put and Spm/Put may be an important physiological reason for the small grain filling rate and low grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Superior spikelet grain filling rates and brown rice weight differed little between super and check rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- superior spikeletse0
- Outcome
- maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, and brown rice weighte0
- Direction
- small differencee0
- Comparator
- check ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, and brown rice weight for superior spikelets showed small difference between the super rice and check rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Inferior spikelet grain filling rates and brown rice weight were significantly lower in super rice than check cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Outcome
- maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, and brown rice weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- check rice cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, and brown rice weight for superior spikelets showed small difference between the super rice and check rice, but those of inferior spikelets were significantly lower for super rice than for check rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain polyamine concentrations showed a single peak during filling.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of polyamines in grainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Changes in concentrations of polyamines in grains exhibited single peak during the grain filling period”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Put peak and mean concentrations were greater in inferior than superior spikelets.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- inferiore0
- Outcome
- peak and mean concentrations of Pute0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- superior spikeletse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The peak and mean concentrations of Put were greater in inferior than in superior spikelets”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd and Spm peak and mean concentrations were greater in superior than inferior spikelets.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- superiore0
- Outcome
- peak and mean concentrations of Spd and Spme0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- inferiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The peak and mean concentrations of Spd and Spm were greater in the superior than in the inferior”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd and Spm peak and mean concentrations were greater in check than super rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- check ricee0
- Outcome
- peak and mean concentrations of Spd and Spme0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- su-per ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The peak and mean concentrations of Spd and Spm were greater in the superior than in the inferior, and greater in the check rice than in the su-per rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain filling rate and brown rice weight were negatively correlated with Put concentration.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- Pute0
- Outcome
- mean grain filling rate and brown rice weighte0
- Direction
- negativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean grain filling rate and brown rice weight were negatively and very significantly correlated with the Put concen-trations”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain filling rate and brown rice weight were positively correlated with Spd, Spm and their ratios to Put.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- Spd and Spm concentrations, Spd/Put, and Spm/Pute0
- Outcome
- mean grain filling rate and brown rice weighte0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean grain filling rate and brown rice weight were negatively and very significantly correlated with the Put concen-trations, and positively and very significantly correlated with Spd and Spm concentrations, Spd/Put, and Spm/Put”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd application enhanced three starch synthesis enzyme activities in inferior spikelets.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Treatment
- Application of Spde0
- Outcome
- activities of sucrose synthetase, adenine di-phosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, and soluble starch synthetasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Spd or Spm to panicle at the early grain filling stage significantly enhanced activities of sucrose synthetase, adenine di-phosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, and soluble starch synthetase in inferior spikelets”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spm application enhanced three starch synthesis enzyme activities in inferior spikelets.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- activities of sucrose synthetase, adenine di-phosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, and soluble starch synthetasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Spd or Spm to panicle at the early grain filling stage significantly enhanced activities of sucrose synthetase, adenine di-phosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, and soluble starch synthetase in inferior spikelets”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd application increased grain filling rate, seed setting rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Treatment
- Application of Spde0
- Outcome
- grain filling rate, seed setting rate and grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Spd or Spm to panicle at the early grain filling stage significantly enhanced activities of sucrose synthetase, adenine di-phosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, and soluble starch synthetase in inferior spikelets, and significantly increased grain filling rate, seed setting rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spm application increased grain filling rate, seed setting rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- grain filling rate, seed setting rate and grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Spd or Spm to panicle at the early grain filling stage significantly enhanced activities of sucrose synthetase, adenine di-phosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, and soluble starch synthetase in inferior spikelets, and significantly increased grain filling rate, seed setting rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Put application produced the opposite effects to Spd and Spm application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of Pute0
- Outcome
- opposite effecte0
- Direction
- oppositee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Put or methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG, an inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase) exhibited an opposite effect”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
MGBG application produced the opposite effects to Spd and Spm application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone)e0
- Outcome
- opposite effecte0
- Direction
- oppositee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Put or methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG, an inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase) exhibited an opposite effect”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest polyamines regulate grain filling.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- polyaminese0
- Outcome
- grain fillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results suggest that polyamines play a role in regulating grain filling”
t0“Super Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest low Spd and Spm concentrations and ratios may explain poor inferior spikelet filling in super rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Compound
- Spd and Spme0
- Outcome
- small grain filling rate and low grain weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low concentrations of Spd and Spm and low Spd/Put and Spm/Put may be an important physiological reason for the small grain filling rate and low grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice”
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