Abstract
Heat stress during seed maturation significantly reduced seed size and quality. Polyamines, especially spermidine (Spd), were reported to be closely related to seed development and plant heat tolerance. Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) also played a critical role in plant heat resistance, but the relationship between Spd and SAPs in improving rice tolerance to heat stress during grain filling has not been reported. Our results showed that the external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control. OsSAP5 was the most upregulated expression induced by Spd, and may be mainly involved in the Spd-mediated enhancement of high-temperature resistance during rice seed development. Overexpression of OsSAP5 in Arabidopsis enhanced 1000-grain weight and seed heat resistance. Exogenous Spd alleviated the survival rate and seedling length, reduced MDA content, and upregulated the expression levels of SPDS and SPMS in Atsap4 mutant under high temperature during seed germination. In all, exogenous Spd alleviated the heat damage on seed quality during the grain filling stage and seed germination stage by improving endogenous Spd and Spm. OsSAP5, a key gene induced by Spd, might be involved in the rice heat resistance and seed quality in coordination with Spd and Spm.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress during maturation reduced seed size and quality.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- seed size and qualitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress during seed maturation significantly reduced seed size and quality.”
t0“Rice Seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine spraying increased germination rate, germination index and vigor index under heat stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- external spraying Spd (1.5 mM)e0
- Outcome
- seed germination rate, germination index, vigor indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- high temperature controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine spraying increased 1000-grain weight under heat stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- external spraying Spd (1.5 mM)e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- high temperature controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine spraying increased endogenous Spd and Spm content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- external spraying Spd (1.5 mM)e0
- Outcome
- endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- high temperature controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine spraying increased peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- external spraying Spd (1.5 mM)e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- high temperature controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine spraying reduced MDA content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- external spraying Spd (1.5 mM)e0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- high temperature controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine spraying alleviated heat damage to rice seed quality during grain filling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- external spraying Spd (1.5 mM)e0
- Outcome
- impact of heat stress on rice seed qualitye0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- high temperature controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control.”
Claim · model-written summary
OsSAP5 was the most upregulated gene after Spd and may mediate heat resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- OsSAP5e0
- Outcome
- OsSAP5e0
- Direction
- most upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OsSAP5 was the most upregulated expression induced by Spd, and may be mainly involved in the Spd-mediated enhancement of high-temperature resistance during rice seed development.”
t0“Rice Seed”
Claim · model-written summary
OsSAP5 overexpression increased Arabidopsis 1000-grain weight and seed heat resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- Overexpression of OsSAP5e0
- Gene
- OsSAP5e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weight and seed heat resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of OsSAP5 in Arabidopsis enhanced 1000-grain weight and seed heat resistance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Spd reduced MDA content in Atsap4 seedlings under high temperature.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- Atsap4 mutante0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Spde0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Spd alleviated the survival rate and seedling length, reduced MDA content, and upregulated the expression levels of SPDS and SPMS in Atsap4 mutant under high temperature during seed germination.”
t0“Overexpression of OsSAP5 in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Spd upregulated SPDS and SPMS expression in Atsap4 mutants under high temperature.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- Atsap4 mutante0
- Gene
- SPDS and SPMSe0
- Outcome
- expression levels of SPDS and SPMSe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Spd alleviated the survival rate and seedling length, reduced MDA content, and upregulated the expression levels of SPDS and SPMS in Atsap4 mutant under high temperature during seed germination.”
t0“Overexpression of OsSAP5 in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Spd affected survival rate and seedling length in Atsap4 mutants under heat, with unclear direction.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- Atsap4 mutante0
- Outcome
- survival rate and seedling lengthe0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Spd alleviated the survival rate and seedling length, reduced MDA content, and upregulated the expression levels of SPDS and SPMS in Atsap4 mutant under high temperature during seed germination.”
t0“Overexpression of OsSAP5 in Arabidopsis”
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See all 75 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.