Abstract
Abstract Background Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress causing severe damage to plants. Thus, proper management approaches need to be developed to lessen the detrimental effect of salinity on crop growth and productivity. Aims This study was conducted to investigate the putative role of nitrate (NO 3 − ) and nitrate reductase (NR) in mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on the growth of durum wheat seedlings. Methods Nitrogen nutrition has been modified, in the presence of 100 mM NaCl, either by increasing the NO 3 − availability, the deprivation of NO 3 − or by the addition of sodium tungstate—an inhibitor of NR—in the culture medium. Results Obtained results showed that, in the presence of 2.5 mM NO 3 − , salt stress significantly decreased all studied growth traits (biomass production, relative growth rate, and water content). This was associated with a noteworthy reduction in total chlorophyll pigment, total carbohydrates, and protein contents. Concomitantly, NR activity was remarkably decreased. However, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly accumulated. In the absence of NO 3 − as well as in the presence of tungstate, NR activities were noticeably reduced, and wheat seedling growth was further disturbed in comparison to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 − . Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mM significantly restricted Cl − uptake, markedly increased root and leaf NR activities, and alleviated salt stress–induced seedling growth inhibition as compared to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 − . Such effects were associated with an increase in leaf chlorophyll and protein concentrations and in root and leaf carbohydrate concentrations. Nevertheless, MDA concentrations were sharply decreased. Conclusions This study provides strong arguments highlighting the potential role of NO 3 − reduction in mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on the growth of wheat plants at the early seedling stage. The enhancement of the NR activity through increasing the NO 3 − availability may, therefore, represent a potential strategy to overcome the salinity‐mediated impairment of wheat seedlings to some extent.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced wheat seedling biomass production, relative growth rate, and water content at 2.5 mM nitrate.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume1 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- biomass production, relative growth rate, and water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 2.5 mM NO 3 −e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the presence of 2.5 mM NO 3 − , salt stress significantly decreased all studied growth traits (biomass production, relative growth rate, and water content)”
e1“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced total chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and protein contents.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll pigment, total carbohydrates, and protein contentse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in total chlorophyll pigment, total carbohydrates, and protein contents”
e1“salt stress significantly decreased”
e2“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- NR activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NR activity was remarkably decreased”
e1“salt stress significantly decreased”
e2“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased proline and malondialdehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume2
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- proline and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly accumulated”
e1“salt stress significantly decreased”
e2“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate deprivation reduced NR activity relative to salt-stressed seedlings supplied 2.5 mM nitrate.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- absence of NO 3 −e0
- Outcome
- NR activitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of NO 3 − as well as in the presence of tungstate, NR activities were noticeably reduced, and wheat seedling growth was further disturbed in comparison to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −”
Claim · model-written summary
Tungstate reduced NR activity relative to salt-stressed seedlings supplied 2.5 mM nitrate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- tungstatee0
- Outcome
- NR activitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of NO 3 − as well as in the presence of tungstate, NR activities were noticeably reduced, and wheat seedling growth was further disturbed in comparison to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate deprivation further disturbed wheat seedling growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- absence of NO 3 −e0
- Outcome
- wheat seedling growthe0
- Direction
- further disturbede0
- Comparator
- salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of NO 3 − as well as in the presence of tungstate, NR activities were noticeably reduced, and wheat seedling growth was further disturbed in comparison to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −”
Claim · model-written summary
Tungstate further disturbed wheat seedling growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- tungstatee0
- Outcome
- wheat seedling growthe0
- Direction
- further disturbede0
- Comparator
- salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of NO 3 − as well as in the presence of tungstate, NR activities were noticeably reduced, and wheat seedling growth was further disturbed in comparison to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrate availability to 7.5 mM restricted chloride uptake.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- Cl − uptakee0
- Direction
- restrictede0
- Comparator
- salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mM significantly restricted Cl − uptake”
e1“durum wheat seedlings”
e2“as compared to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrate availability increased root and leaf NR activity.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- root and leaf NR activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mM significantly restricted Cl − uptake, markedly increased root and leaf NR activities”
e1“durum wheat seedlings”
e2“as compared to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrate availability alleviated salt-induced seedling growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mMe0
- Outcome
- salt stress–induced seedling growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mM significantly restricted Cl − uptake, markedly increased root and leaf NR activities, and alleviated salt stress–induced seedling growth inhibition as compared to salt‐stressed seedlings grown under 2.5 mM NO 3 −”
e1“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrate availability increased leaf chlorophyll and protein and root and leaf carbohydrate concentrations.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume2
- Treatment
- Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mMe1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll and protein concentrations and in root and leaf carbohydrate concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in leaf chlorophyll and protein concentrations and in root and leaf carbohydrate concentrations”
e1“Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mM”
e2“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrate availability sharply decreased MDA concentrations.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume2
- Treatment
- Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mMe1
- Outcome
- MDA concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA concentrations were sharply decreased”
e1“Increasing the NO 3 − availability to 7.5 mM”
e2“durum wheat seedlings”
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