Abstract
The search for sustainable practices to increase productivity is a fundamental need in current agriculture. Steel slag has been studied for its potential use in agriculture. These substances present a great ability of agricultural applications since they are rich in nutrients. The effect of steel slag-based fertilizer was investigated on greenhouse durum wheat cultivar under salt-stress conditions. Two doses of slag: 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1) and 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) were evaluated under no salt-stress (0 mM NaCl) and salt-stress conditions (100 mM NaCl) for salinity stress mitigation. Morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat were measured and compared to the different treatments. Exposure of wheat to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, and protein content, but it increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1) led to a significant improvement in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %), and protein content (158%) under saline conditions compared to the control treatment with 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), thus indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. Soil enrichment with 20 g slag/kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment (D1) after three months of cultivation under salt stress. This study supports the hypothesis of the application of slag at lower dose, which improves productivity of durum wheat and mitigate salinity stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased wheat biomass.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wheat to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, and protein content, but it increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased wheat stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wheat to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, and protein content, but it increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased wheat efficiency of photosystem II.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- efficiency of photosystem IIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wheat to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, and protein content, but it increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased wheat protein content.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wheat to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, and protein content, but it increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased wheat total soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- total soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wheat to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, and protein content, but it increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased wheat hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wheat to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, and protein content, but it increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased wheat malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wheat to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, and protein content, but it increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/kg soil under salinity, shoot increased by 133% versus unamended control.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1)e0
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 133%e0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1) led to a significant improvement in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %), and protein content (158%) under saline conditions compared to the control treatment with 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/kg soil under salinity, root increased by 400% versus unamended control.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1)e0
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 400%e0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1) led to a significant improvement in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %), and protein content (158%) under saline conditions compared to the control treatment with 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/kg soil under salinity, stomatal conductance increased by 22 % versus unamended control.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 22 %e0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1) led to a significant improvement in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %), and protein content (158%) under saline conditions compared to the control treatment with 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/kg soil under salinity, soluble sugars increased by 14 % versus unamended control.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1)e0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14 %e0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1) led to a significant improvement in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %), and protein content (158%) under saline conditions compared to the control treatment with 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/kg soil under salinity, protein content increased by 158% versus unamended control.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1)e0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 158%e0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1) led to a significant improvement in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %), and protein content (158%) under saline conditions compared to the control treatment with 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 g slag/kg soil under salinity, growth parameters decreased versus control and the lower slag dose.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 20 g slag/kg soil (D2)e0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
- Comparator
- control and treatment (D1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil enrichment with 20 g slag/kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment (D1) after three months of cultivation under salt stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 g slag/kg soil under salinity, H2O2 was highest versus control and the lower slag dose.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 20 g slag/kg soil (D2)e0
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
- Comparator
- control and treatment (D1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil enrichment with 20 g slag/kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment (D1) after three months of cultivation under salt stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 g slag/kg soil under salinity, MDA was highest versus control and the lower slag dose.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 20 g slag/kg soil (D2)e0
- Outcome
- MDA contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
- Comparator
- control and treatment (D1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil enrichment with 20 g slag/kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment (D1) after three months of cultivation under salt stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support using a lower slag dose to improve durum wheat productivity and mitigate salinity stress.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- slag at lower dosee0
- Outcome
- improves productivity of durum wheat and mitigate salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of slag at lower dose, which improves productivity of durum wheat and mitigate salinity stress”
t0“durum wheat”
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