Abstract
The combined effects of nitrate (0, 0.1, 1, 10 mm) and salt (0, 100 mm NaCl) on nitrogen metabolism in durum wheat seedlings were investigated by analysis of nitrate reductase (NR) expression and activity, and metabolite content. High salinity (100 mm NaCl) reduced shoot growth more than root growth. The effect was independent of nitrate concentration. NR mRNA was present at a low level in both leaves and roots of plants grown in a nitrogen-free medium. NaCl increased NR mRNA at low nitrate, suggesting that chloride can mimic nitrate as a signal molecule to induce transcription in both roots and leaves. However, the level of NR protein remained low in salt-stressed plants, indicating an inhibitory effect of salt on translation of NR mRNA or an increase in protein degradation. The lower activity of nitrate reductase in leaves of high-nitrate treated plants under salinity suggested a restriction of NO3– transport to the shoot under salinity. Salt treatment promoted photorespiration, inhibiting carbohydrate accumulation in plants grown on low nitrate media. Under salinity free amino acids, in particular proline and asparagine, and glycine betaine could function as osmolytes to balance water potential within the cell, especially when nitrogen availability exceeded the need for growth.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced shoot growth more than root growth, regardless of nitrate concentration.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlings
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- High salinity (100 mm NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- independent of nitrate concentratione0
- Comparator
- root growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High salinity (100 mm NaCl) reduced shoot growth more than root growth. The effect was independent of nitrate concentration.”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NR mRNA was low in leaves and roots in nitrogen-free medium.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Gene
- NR mRNAe0
- Outcome
- NR mRNA was present at a low levele0
- Qualifier
- nitrogen-free mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NR mRNA was present at a low level in both leaves and roots of plants grown in a nitrogen-free medium.”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased NR mRNA at low nitrate in roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Gene
- NR mRNAe0
- Outcome
- NR mRNAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- low nitratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl increased NR mRNA at low nitrate, suggesting that chloride can mimic nitrate as a signal molecule to induce transcription in both roots and leaves.”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride may mimic nitrate as a transcriptional signal.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese0
- Compound
- chloridee0
- Outcome
- induce transcriptione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that chloride can mimic nitrate as a signal molecule to induce transcription in both roots and leaves”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NR protein remained low in salt-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salt-stressede0
- Gene
- NR proteine0
- Outcome
- level of NR proteine0
- Direction
- remained lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the level of NR protein remained low in salt-stressed plants”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt may inhibit NR translation or increase its protein degradation.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salte0
- Gene
- NR mRNAe0
- Outcome
- translation of NR mRNA or an increase in protein degradatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating an inhibitory effect of salt on translation of NR mRNA or an increase in protein degradation”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, leaf nitrate reductase activity was lower in high-nitrate plants.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- activity of nitrate reductase in leavese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- high-nitrate treated plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lower activity of nitrate reductase in leaves of high-nitrate treated plants under salinity suggested a restriction of NO3– transport to the shoot under salinity.”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity may restrict nitrate transport to shoots.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- NO3– transport to the shoote0
- Direction
- restrictione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggested a restriction of NO3– transport to the shoot under salinity”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt promoted photorespiration.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Salt treatmente0
- Outcome
- photorespiratione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt treatment promoted photorespiration, inhibiting carbohydrate accumulation in plants grown on low nitrate media.”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt inhibited carbohydrate accumulation under low nitrate.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Salt treatmente0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate accumulatione0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Qualifier
- low nitrate mediae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt treatment promoted photorespiration, inhibiting carbohydrate accumulation in plants grown on low nitrate media.”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Free amino acids, proline, asparagine and glycine betaine may balance cellular water potential during salinity when nitrogen exceeds growth demand.
- Taxon
- durum wheat seedlingsTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Compound
- glycine betainee0
- Outcome
- balance water potential within the celle0
- Qualifier
- especially when nitrogen availability exceeded the need for growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under salinity free amino acids, in particular proline and asparagine, and glycine betaine could function as osmolytes to balance water potential within the cell, especially when nitrogen availability exceeded the need for growth.”
t0“durum wheat seedlings”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.