Abstract
The use of microorganisms capable of promoting the growth and development of crops is generating interest at a global level as a sustainable technique in modern agriculture, especially in intensive farming systems, where the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to environmental problems. The objective of this research was to evaluate the biofertilizing power of formulations enriched with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) (Azotobacter spp. to fix N and strains of Bacillus spp. to solubilize P and K not bioavailable for plants) to improve the fertility, quality, and productivity of a tomato crop and their potential use as an alternative to conventional fertilizers. Thus, NPK levels in soils, leaves, and fruits were evaluated; various parameters of fruit quality were measured; and an exhaustive analysis of the production and economic yields of the harvest was carried out. The results showed that the periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPB increased the harvest yield (20–32%) and favored the development of larger fruit sizes, which are economically more valuable, and the incomes increased even more than production (32–52%). The biofertilizers also demonstrated a positive effect on the solubilization of P and K in the soil, and the levels of P in leaves were also promoted. The capacity to mobilize the nutrients from soil to fruits was clearly favored when PGPB were inoculated periodically, and a reduction of up to 20% in synthetic fertilizers was accomplished (16, 34, and 23% increases for N, P, and K, respectively, against the treatment without PGPB and no fertigation reduction). Finally, the use of PGPB did not show appreciable differences regarding fruit quality parameters.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Periodic supply of PGPB biofertilizers increased tomato harvest yield by 20–32%.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPBe1
- Interactor
- PGPBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- harvest yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 20–32%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e1“The results showed that the periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPB increased the harvest yield (20–32%) and favored the development of larger fruit sizes, which are economically more valuable, and the incomes increased even more than production (32–52%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Periodic supply of PGPB biofertilizers favored development of larger tomato fruit sizes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruite1
- Treatment
- periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPBe1
- Interactor
- PGPBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit sizese1
- Direction
- largere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e1“The results showed that the periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPB increased the harvest yield (20–32%) and favored the development of larger fruit sizes, which are economically more valuable, and the incomes increased even more than production (32–52%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Periodic supply of PGPB biofertilizers increased tomato incomes by 32–52%, more than production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPBe1
- Interactor
- PGPBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- incomese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 32–52%e1
- Comparator
- productione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e1“The results showed that the periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPB increased the harvest yield (20–32%) and favored the development of larger fruit sizes, which are economically more valuable, and the incomes increased even more than production (32–52%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers positively affected the solubilization of P and K in tomato soil.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofertilizerse2
- Outcome
- solubilization of P and K in the soile2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e2“The biofertilizers also demonstrated a positive effect on the solubilization of P and K in the soil, and the levels of P in leaves were also promoted”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers promoted P levels in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- biofertilizerse2
- Outcome
- levels of P in leavese2
- Direction
- promotede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e2“The biofertilizers also demonstrated a positive effect on the solubilization of P and K in the soil, and the levels of P in leaves were also promoted”
Claim · model-written summary
Periodic PGPB inoculation favored the mobilization of nutrients from soil to tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PGPB were inoculated periodicallye3
- Interactor
- PGPBe3symbiont
- Outcome
- capacity to mobilize the nutrients from soil to fruitse3
- Direction
- favorede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e3“The capacity to mobilize the nutrients from soil to fruits was clearly favored when PGPB were inoculated periodically”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers allowed a reduction of up to 20% in synthetic fertilizer use in tomato production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofertilizerse1
- Interactor
- PGPBe4symbiont
- Outcome
- synthetic fertilizerse4
- Direction
- reductione4
- Value
- up to 20%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e1“The results showed that the periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPB increased the harvest yield (20–32%) and favored the development of larger fruit sizes, which are economically more valuable, and the incomes increased even more than production (32–52%)”
e4“and a reduction of up to 20% in synthetic fertilizers was accomplished (16, 34, and 23% increases for N, P, and K, respectively, against the treatment without PGPB and no fertigation reduction)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers increased tomato N, P and K levels by 16, 34 and 23% against the treatment without PGPB and no fertigation reduction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biofertilizerse1
- Interactor
- PGPBe4symbiont
- Outcome
- N, P, and Ke4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Value
- 16, 34, and 23%e4
- Comparator
- treatment without PGPB and no fertigation reductione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e1“The results showed that the periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPB increased the harvest yield (20–32%) and favored the development of larger fruit sizes, which are economically more valuable, and the incomes increased even more than production (32–52%)”
e4“and a reduction of up to 20% in synthetic fertilizers was accomplished (16, 34, and 23% increases for N, P, and K, respectively, against the treatment without PGPB and no fertigation reduction)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPB use did not change tomato fruit quality parameters appreciably.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruite5
- Treatment
- use of PGPBe5
- Interactor
- PGPBe5symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit quality parameterse5
- Direction
- did not show appreciable differencese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop”
e5“Finally, the use of PGPB did not show appreciable differences regarding fruit quality parameters”
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