Abstract
The increasing frequency of droughts due to climate change has negatively impacted crop yield. This research aimed to study the mechanism of Glomus mosseae in improving the drought tolerance of Sorghum bicolor plants, specifically in Super 2 (S2) and Konawe Selatan (KS) accession. G. mosseae was used to inoculate the plants grown in the sterile zeolite. The drought was imposed in two cycles by suspending irrigation for six days per cycle. After nine weeks, the plants were harvested and subjected to various analyses. The results showed that drought stress lowered biomass, pigment concentrations by 45% and 23%, and leaf relative water content (RWC) by 34% and 17% for S2 and KS accessions, respectively. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels rose by 20% and 9%, while proline synthesis was improved by 7% and 16% on S2 and KS, respectively, compared to the control. In contrast, inoculation with G. mosseae markedly augmented chlorophyll levels by 85% and 25%, elevated leaf relative water content by 33% and 8%, and enhanced P content by 20% and 19% for S2 and KS accessions, respectively, when compared to drought-exposed treatments. Additionally, G. mosseae inoculation preserved root length, biomass, leaf number, proline synthesis, and nitrogen content, while inducing a reduction in MDA levels by 11% and 6% in S2 and KS, respectively, in relation to the drought treatments. G. mosseae improves sorghum's drought tolerance by reducing water loss through improving water and nutrient uptake via external hyphae and enhancing photosynthetic properties via pigment protection. Furthermore, it was shown that G. mosseae is highly efficient at maintaining proline balance and enhancing the effectiveness of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS). KS accession exhibited elevated levels of nitrogen content, leaf number, upper ground biomass, chlorophyll and RWC. Conversely, the Super 2 accession manifested higher levels of lower ground biomass, root length, root colonization and phosphorus content. The addition of G. mosseae to the soil shows great potential as a sustainable agricultural approach under climate change conditions, specifically for the promotion of sorghum plant survival under drought stress. This potential stems from the ability of G. mosseae to enhance key plant properties, including photosynthetic performance and water balance regulation, through the expansion of extraradical hyphal growth. Moreover, G. mosseae supplementation maintains proline levels, enhances nutrient uptake and detoxifies reactive oxygen species by promoting antioxidant capacity. As a result of these properties, sorghum plants exhibit increased biomass and resistance to drought stress, providing an important tool for future sustainable agriculture under climate change.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Drought lowered pigment concentrations by 45% in S2 and 23% in KS.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum bicolort0 - Material
- S2 and KS accessionse0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- pigment concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 45% and 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress lowered biomass, pigment concentrations by 45% and 23%, and leaf relative water content (RWC) by 34% and 17% for S2 and KS accessions, respectively”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought lowered leaf RWC by 34% in S2 and 17% in KS.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- S2 and KS accessionse0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 34% and 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress lowered biomass, pigment concentrations by 45% and 23%, and leaf relative water content (RWC) by 34% and 17% for S2 and KS accessions, respectively”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought lowered biomass in S2 and KS.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- S2 and KS accessionse0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress lowered biomass, pigment concentrations by 45% and 23%, and leaf relative water content (RWC) by 34% and 17% for S2 and KS accessions, respectively”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased MDA by 20% in S2 and 9% in KS.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Value
- 20% and 9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde (MDA) levels rose by 20% and 9%”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
e1“drought stress lowered biomass, pigment concentrations by 45% and 23%, and leaf relative water content (RWC) by 34% and 17% for S2 and KS accessions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased proline synthesis by 7% in S2 and 16% in KS.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- S2 and KSe0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- proline synthesise0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 7% and 16%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proline synthesis was improved by 7% and 16% on S2 and KS, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
e1“drought stress lowered biomass, pigment concentrations by 45% and 23%, and leaf relative water content (RWC) by 34% and 17% for S2 and KS accessions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus inoculation raised chlorophyll by 85% in S2 and 25% in KS relative to drought alone.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- inoculation with G. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- G. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- chlorophyll levelse0
- Direction
- augmentede0
- Value
- 85% and 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with G. mosseae markedly augmented chlorophyll levels by 85% and 25%”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus inoculation raised RWC by 33% in S2 and 8% in KS.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- inoculation with G. mosseaee1
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee1symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 33% and 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated leaf relative water content by 33% and 8%”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
e1“inoculation with G. mosseae markedly augmented chlorophyll levels by 85% and 25%”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus inoculation raised P content by 20% in S2 and 19% in KS.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- S2 and KS accessionse0
- Treatment
- inoculation with G. mosseaee1
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee1symbiont
- Outcome
- P contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 20% and 19%e0
- Comparator
- drought-exposed treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced P content by 20% and 19% for S2 and KS accessions, respectively, when compared to drought-exposed treatments”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
e1“inoculation with G. mosseae markedly augmented chlorophyll levels by 85% and 25%”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus inoculation preserved root length, biomass and leaf number.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- G. mosseae inoculatione0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- root length, biomass, leaf numbere0
- Direction
- preservede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. mosseae inoculation preserved root length, biomass, leaf number, proline synthesis, and nitrogen content”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus inoculation preserved proline synthesis and nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- G. mosseae inoculatione0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline synthesis, and nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- preservede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. mosseae inoculation preserved root length, biomass, leaf number, proline synthesis, and nitrogen content”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus inoculation reduced MDA by 11% in S2 and 6% in KS relative to drought.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- S2 and KSe0
- Treatment
- G. mosseae inoculatione1
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee1symbiont
- Outcome
- MDA levelse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 11% and 6%e0
- Comparator
- drought treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inducing a reduction in MDA levels by 11% and 6% in S2 and KS, respectively, in relation to the drought treatments”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
e1“G. mosseae inoculation preserved root length, biomass, leaf number, proline synthesis, and nitrogen content”
Claim · model-written summary
KS had elevated nitrogen content, leaf number and aboveground biomass.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- KS accessione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen content, leaf number, upper ground biomasse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KS accession exhibited elevated levels of nitrogen content, leaf number, upper ground biomass, chlorophyll and RWC”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
KS had elevated chlorophyll and RWC.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- KS accessione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and RWCe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KS accession exhibited elevated levels of nitrogen content, leaf number, upper ground biomass, chlorophyll and RWC”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Super 2 had higher belowground biomass, root length and colonization.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- Super 2 accessione0
- Outcome
- lower ground biomass, root length, root colonizatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Super 2 accession manifested higher levels of lower ground biomass, root length, root colonization and phosphorus content”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Super 2 had higher phosphorus content.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Material
- Super 2 accessione0
- Outcome
- phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Super 2 accession manifested higher levels of lower ground biomass, root length, root colonization and phosphorus content”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus improves drought tolerance through water and nutrient uptake via hyphae and pigment protection.
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- improving water and nutrient uptake via external hyphaee0
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. mosseae improves sorghum's drought tolerance by reducing water loss through improving water and nutrient uptake via external hyphae and enhancing photosynthetic properties via pigment protection”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus maintains proline balance and antioxidant capacity to remove ROS.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline balancee0
- Qualifier
- antioxidants to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. mosseae is highly efficient at maintaining proline balance and enhancing the effectiveness of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus addition is recommended as a sustainable approach for sorghum survival under drought.
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- promotion of sorghum plant survival under drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of G. mosseae to the soil shows great potential as a sustainable agricultural approach under climate change conditions, specifically for the promotion of sorghum plant survival under drought stress”
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8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.