Abstract
Global climate change and freshwater scarcity have become two major environmental issues that constrain the sustainable development of the world economy. Climate warming caused by increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration can change global/regional rainfall patterns, leading to uneven global seasonal precipitation distribution and frequent regional extreme drought events, resulting in a drastic reduction of available water resources during the critical crop reproduction period, thus causing many important food-producing regions to face severe water deficiency problems. Understanding the potential processes and mechanisms of crops in response to elevated CO 2 concentration and temperature under soil water deficiency may further shed lights on the potential risks of climate change on the primary productivity and grain yield of agriculture. We examined the effects of elevated CO 2 concentration ( e [CO 2 ]) and temperature (experimental warming) on plant biomass and leaf area, stomatal morphology and distribution, leaf gas exchange and mesophyll anatomy, rubisco activity and gene expression level of winter wheat grown at soil water deficiency with environmental growth chambers. We found that e [CO 2 ] × water × warming sharply reduced plant biomass by 57% and leaf photosynthesis ( P n ) 50%, although elevated [CO 2 ] could alleviated the stress from water × warming at the amount of gene expression in RbcL3 (128%) and RbcS2 (215%). At ambient [CO 2 ], the combined stress of warming and water deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in biomass (52%), leaf area (50%), P n (71%), and G s (90%) of winter wheat. Furthermore, the total nonstructural carbohydrates were accumulated 10% and 27% and increased R d by 127% and 99% when subjected to water × warming and e [CO 2 ] × water × warming. These results suggest that water × warming may cause irreversible damage in winter wheat and thus the effect of “CO 2 fertilization effect” may be overestimated by the current process-based ecological model.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2, water deficiency and warming reduced wheat biomass by 57%.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- e [CO 2 ] × water × warminge0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“e [CO 2 ] × water × warming sharply reduced plant biomass by 57% and leaf photosynthesis ( P n ) 50%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2, water deficiency and warming reduced leaf photosynthesis by 50%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- e [CO 2 ] × water × warminge0
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthesis ( P n )e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“e [CO 2 ] × water × warming sharply reduced plant biomass by 57% and leaf photosynthesis ( P n ) 50%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 alleviated stress effects on RbcL3 expression by 128%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Gene
- RbcL3e0
- Outcome
- gene expression in RbcL3e0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Value
- 128%e0
- Comparator
- water × warminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [CO 2 ] could alleviated the stress from water × warming at the amount of gene expression in RbcL3 (128%) and RbcS2 (215%).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 alleviated stress effects on RbcS2 expression by 215%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Gene
- RbcS2e0
- Outcome
- RbcS2e0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Value
- 215%e0
- Comparator
- water × warminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [CO 2 ] could alleviated the stress from water × warming at the amount of gene expression in RbcL3 (128%) and RbcS2 (215%).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, warming and water deficiency reduced wheat biomass by 52%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- warming and water deficiencye0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At ambient [CO 2 ], the combined stress of warming and water deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in biomass (52%), leaf area (50%), P n (71%), and G s (90%) of winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, warming and water deficiency reduced leaf area by 50%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- warming and water deficiencye0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At ambient [CO 2 ], the combined stress of warming and water deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in biomass (52%), leaf area (50%), P n (71%), and G s (90%) of winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, warming and water deficiency reduced P n by 71%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- warming and water deficiencye0
- Outcome
- P ne0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 71%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At ambient [CO 2 ], the combined stress of warming and water deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in biomass (52%), leaf area (50%), P n (71%), and G s (90%) of winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
At ambient CO2, warming and water deficiency reduced G s by 90%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- warming and water deficiencye0
- Outcome
- G se0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At ambient [CO 2 ], the combined stress of warming and water deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in biomass (52%), leaf area (50%), P n (71%), and G s (90%) of winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficiency plus warming accumulated total nonstructural carbohydrates by 10%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water × warminge0
- Outcome
- total nonstructural carbohydratese0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total nonstructural carbohydrates were accumulated 10% and 27% and increased R d by 127% and 99% when subjected to water × warming and e [CO 2 ] × water × warming.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2, water deficiency and warming accumulated total nonstructural carbohydrates by 27%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- e [CO 2 ] × water × warminge0
- Outcome
- total nonstructural carbohydratese0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Value
- 27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total nonstructural carbohydrates were accumulated 10% and 27% and increased R d by 127% and 99% when subjected to water × warming and e [CO 2 ] × water × warming.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficiency plus warming increased R d by 127%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water × warminge0
- Outcome
- R de0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 127%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total nonstructural carbohydrates were accumulated 10% and 27% and increased R d by 127% and 99% when subjected to water × warming and e [CO 2 ] × water × warming.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2, water deficiency and warming increased R d by 99%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- e [CO 2 ] × water × warminge0
- Outcome
- R de0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total nonstructural carbohydrates were accumulated 10% and 27% and increased R d by 127% and 99% when subjected to water × warming and e [CO 2 ] × water × warming.”
t0“winter wheat”
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See all 246 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.