Abstract
Climate warming may raise wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yields in cooler climates and lower them in warmer climates. To understand these contrasting effects, infrared heating lamps were used to warm irrigated spring wheat by 1.5°C (day) and 3.0°C (night) above unheated controls during different times of the year at Maricopa, AZ. Changes in wheat growth with warming were used to test hypotheses for temperature effects on crop growth in the process model ecosys . Infrared heating substantially raised phytomass growth and grain yield under lower air temperature ( T a ) following plantings from September through December. The same heating, however, lowered growth and yield under higher T a following plantings from January through March. Gains in wheat yield of as much as 200 g C m −2 with heating under lower T a were attributed in the model to more rapid CO 2 fixation and to reduced chilling effects on seed set. These gains were only partially offset by losses from shortened wheat growth periods. Losses in wheat yield of as much as 100 g C m −2 with heating under higher T a were attributed in the model to adverse effects of heating on crop water status and on CO 2 fixation vs. respiration, to greater heat stress effects on seed set, and to shortened crop growth periods. Model hypotheses thus explained contrasting effects of heating on wheat yields under different T a found in the field experiment as well as in many earlier studies. Well‐constrained tests of these hypotheses are vital for models used to project climate change impacts on agricultural ecosystems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Infrared warming raised wheat phytomass growth under cooler conditions after September to December plantings.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Infrared heatinge0
- Outcome
- phytomass growthe0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Qualifier
- under lower air temperature ( T a ) following plantings from September through Decembere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infrared heating substantially raised phytomass growth and grain yield under lower air temperature ( T a ) following plantings from September through December”
t0“Controlled Warming Effects on Wheat Growth and Yield: Field Measurements and Modeling”
Claim · model-written summary
Infrared warming raised wheat grain yield under cooler conditions after September to December plantings.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Infrared heatinge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Qualifier
- under lower air temperature ( T a ) following plantings from September through Decembere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infrared heating substantially raised phytomass growth and grain yield under lower air temperature ( T a ) following plantings from September through December”
t0“Controlled Warming Effects on Wheat Growth and Yield: Field Measurements and Modeling”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating lowered wheat growth after January to March plantings at higher air temperatures.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heatinge0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Qualifier
- under higher T a following plantings from January through Marche0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same heating, however, lowered growth and yield under higher T a following plantings from January through March”
t0“Controlled Warming Effects on Wheat Growth and Yield: Field Measurements and Modeling”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating lowered wheat yield after January to March plantings at higher air temperatures.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heatinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Qualifier
- under higher T a following plantings from January through Marche0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same heating, however, lowered growth and yield under higher T a following plantings from January through March”
t0“Controlled Warming Effects on Wheat Growth and Yield: Field Measurements and Modeling”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating increased cooler-condition wheat yield by as much as 200 g C m −2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- heatinge0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- Gainse0
- Value
- as much as 200 g C m −2e0
- Qualifier
- under lower T ae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gains in wheat yield of as much as 200 g C m −2 with heating under lower T a”
Claim · model-written summary
The model attributed cooler-condition yield gains to faster CO 2 fixation and less chilling of seed set.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Yieldt0
- Qualifier
- more rapid CO 2 fixation and to reduced chilling effects on seed sete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were attributed in the model to more rapid CO 2 fixation and to reduced chilling effects on seed set”
t0“Controlled Warming Effects on Wheat Growth and Yield: Field Measurements and Modeling”
Claim · model-written summary
Shorter wheat growth periods partly offset cooler-condition yield gains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- gainse0
- Qualifier
- shortened wheat growth periodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These gains were only partially offset by losses from shortened wheat growth periods”
t0“Controlled Warming Effects on Wheat Growth and Yield: Field Measurements and Modeling”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating reduced warmer-condition wheat yield by as much as 100 g C m −2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- heatinge0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- Lossese0
- Value
- as much as 100 g C m −2e0
- Qualifier
- under higher T ae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Losses in wheat yield of as much as 100 g C m −2 with heating under higher T a”
Claim · model-written summary
The model attributed warmer-condition yield losses to altered water status, carbon balance, heat stress on seed set, and shorter growth periods.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Yieldt0
- Qualifier
- adverse effects of heating on crop water status and on CO 2 fixation vs. respiration, to greater heat stress effects on seed set, and to shortened crop growth periodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were attributed in the model to adverse effects of heating on crop water status and on CO 2 fixation vs. respiration, to greater heat stress effects on seed set, and to shortened crop growth periods”
t0“Controlled Warming Effects on Wheat Growth and Yield: Field Measurements and Modeling”
Claim · model-written summary
The model hypotheses explained contrasting field effects of heating on wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- contrasting effects of heating on wheat yieldse0
- Comparator
- field experimente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Model hypotheses thus explained contrasting effects of heating on wheat yields under different T a found in the field experiment as well as in many earlier studies”
The same questions in other papers
heat · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 88 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
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See all 131 papers →heat · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
53 papers in the same direction as this paper · 255 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
305 papers more in this group
See all 309 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.