Abstract
Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO) was grown for three consecutive seasons in a free-air carbon dioxide (CO(2)) enrichment (FACE) field experiment in order to examine the effects on crop yield and grain quality. CO(2) enrichment promoted aboveground biomass (+11.8%) and grain yield (+10.4%). However, adverse effects were predominantly observed on wholegrain quality characteristics. Although the thousand-grain weight remained unchanged, size distribution was significantly shifted towards smaller grains, which may directly relate to lower market value. Total grain protein concentration decreased significantly by 7.4% under elevated CO(2), and protein and amino acid composition were altered. Corresponding to the decline in grain protein concentration, CO(2) enrichment resulted in an overall decrease in amino acid concentrations, with greater reductions in non-essential than essential amino acids. Minerals such as potassium, molybdenum and lead increased, while manganese, iron, cadmium and silicon decreased, suggesting that adjustments of agricultural practices may be required to retain current grain quality standards. The concentration of fructose and fructan, as well as amounts per area of total and individual non-structural carbohydrates, except for starch, significantly increased in the grain. The same holds true for the amount of lipids. With regard to mixing and rheological properties of the flour, a significant increase in gluten resistance under elevated CO(2) was observed. CO(2) enrichment obviously affected grain quality characteristics that are important for consumer nutrition and health, and for industrial processing and marketing, which have to date received little attention.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment raised aboveground biomass by 11.8%.
- Taxon
- Spring wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- CO(2) enrichmente0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- +11.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO(2) enrichment promoted aboveground biomass (+11.8%) and grain yield (+10.4%).”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment raised grain yield by 10.4%.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CO(2) enrichmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- +10.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO(2) enrichment promoted aboveground biomass (+11.8%) and grain yield (+10.4%).”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thousand-grain weight remained unchanged under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e2
- Outcome
- thousand-grain weighte0
- Direction
- remained unchangede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although the thousand-grain weight remained unchanged, size distribution was significantly shifted towards smaller grains”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
e2“7.4% under elevated CO(2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain size distribution shifted significantly toward smaller grains.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e2
- Outcome
- size distributione0
- Direction
- shifted towards smaller grainse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“size distribution was significantly shifted towards smaller grains”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
e2“7.4% under elevated CO(2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced total grain protein concentration significantly by 7.4%.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- Total grain protein concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 7.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total grain protein concentration decreased significantly by 7.4% under elevated CO(2)”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein and amino acid composition changed under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- protein and amino acid compositione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under elevated CO(2), and protein and amino acid composition were altered.”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment decreased amino acid concentrations overall, more for non-essential than essential amino acids.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CO(2) enrichmente0
- Outcome
- amino acid concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- greater reductions in non-essential than essential amino acidse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO(2) enrichment resulted in an overall decrease in amino acid concentrations, with greater reductions in non-essential than essential amino acids.”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium, molybdenum and lead concentrations increased under CO2 enrichment.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CO(2) enrichmente2
- Outcome
- potassium, molybdenum and leade0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minerals such as potassium, molybdenum and lead increased, while manganese, iron, cadmium and silicon decreased”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
e2“CO(2) enrichment resulted in an overall decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Manganese, iron, cadmium and silicon concentrations decreased under CO2 enrichment.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CO(2) enrichmente2
- Outcome
- manganese, iron, cadmium and silicone0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manganese, iron, cadmium and silicon decreased”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
e2“CO(2) enrichment resulted in an overall decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Fructose and fructan concentrations increased significantly in grain.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e2
- Outcome
- concentration of fructose and fructane0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of fructose and fructan, as well as amounts per area of total and individual non-structural carbohydrates, except for starch, significantly increased in the grain.”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
e2“7.4% under elevated CO(2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-starch non-structural carbohydrate amount per area increased significantly in grain.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e2
- Outcome
- amounts per area of total and individual non-structural carbohydratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except for starche0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amounts per area of total and individual non-structural carbohydrates, except for starch, significantly increased in the grain.”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
e2“7.4% under elevated CO(2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain lipid amount increased under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e2
- Outcome
- amount of lipidse0
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same holds true for the amount of lipids.”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
e2“7.4% under elevated CO(2)”
e3“significantly increased in the grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Gluten resistance increased significantly under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- elevated CO(2)e0
- Outcome
- gluten resistancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in gluten resistance under elevated CO(2) was observed.”
e1“Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO)”
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