Abstract
Drought is the most critical climatic factor instigating severe threats to crop production worldwide. As stress ameliorants, exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or spermidine (Spd) supply has positive responses in alleviating the drought adversities in crops, however, reports regarding their combined effects is still elusive. Here, the protective role of SNP and Spd to confer drought resistance in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) through up-regulation of physiological and metabolic processes was investigated. Plants were foliar sprayed with individual or combined SNP (100 μM) or Spd (100 μM). Drought was induced by keeping the soil at 100% (normal) and 60% (drought stress) field capacity levels. Drought exposure caused a marked decline in relative water content (RWC), excised leaf water retention (ELWR), net photosynthesis ( P N ), transpiration rate ( E ), stomatal conductance ( gs ), and sub-stomatal conductance ( Ci ) with substantial increase in catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX). SNP plus Spd exhibited a considerable increase in CAT, SOD, and POX activities under drought, and helped the plants to retain optimum water status and gas exchange attributes. Similarly, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were increased significantly to drought; however, a notable decline was recorded in drought prone plants treated with exogenous SNP plus Spd. Moreover, addition of SNP plus Spd under drought caused a remarkable increase in chlorophyll a (Chl a ), chlorophyll b (Chl b ), chlorophyll total (Chl t ), carotenoids (Car), and growth traits like shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW). Combined SNP and Spd application could potentially alleviate the drought-induced damages in sunflower through increased water status (8–10%), antioxidant enzymes (17–28%), chlorophyll pigments (14–21%), and growth performance (12–22%) under drought stress.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced sunflower water status and gas exchange measures.
- Treatment
- Drought exposuree0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC), excised leaf water retention (ELWR), net photosynthesis ( P N ), transpiration rate ( E ), stomatal conductance ( gs ), and sub-stomatal conductance ( Ci )e0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Drought exposure caused a marked decline in relative water content (RWC), excised leaf water retention (ELWR), net photosynthesis ( P N ), transpiration rate ( E ), stomatal conductance ( gs ), and sub-stomatal conductance ( Ci ) with substantial increase in catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX).”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased sunflower CAT, SOD and POX.
- Treatment
- Drought exposuree0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Drought exposure caused a marked decline in relative water content (RWC), excised leaf water retention (ELWR), net photosynthesis ( P N ), transpiration rate ( E ), stomatal conductance ( gs ), and sub-stomatal conductance ( Ci ) with substantial increase in catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX).”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd increased CAT, SOD and POX under drought.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- SNP plus Spde0
- Outcome
- CAT, SOD, and POX activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- under droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“SNP plus Spd exhibited a considerable increase in CAT, SOD, and POX activities under drought, and helped the plants to retain optimum water status and gas exchange attributes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd helped retain water status and gas exchange under drought.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- SNP plus Spde0
- Outcome
- water status and gas exchange attributese0
- Direction
- retaine0
- Qualifier
- under droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“SNP plus Spd exhibited a considerable increase in CAT, SOD, and POX activities under drought, and helped the plants to retain optimum water status and gas exchange attributes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly increased hydrogen peroxide and MDA content.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were increased significantly to drought; however, a notable decline was recorded in drought prone plants treated with exogenous SNP plus Spd.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd reduced hydrogen peroxide and MDA in drought prone plants.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- exogenous SNP plus Spde0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were increased significantly to drought; however, a notable decline was recorded in drought prone plants treated with exogenous SNP plus Spd.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd increased chlorophyll pigments and carotenoids under drought.
- Treatment
- SNP plus Spde0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a (Chl a ), chlorophyll b (Chl b ), chlorophyll total (Chl t ), carotenoids (Car)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, addition of SNP plus Spd under drought caused a remarkable increase in chlorophyll a (Chl a ), chlorophyll b (Chl b ), chlorophyll total (Chl t ), carotenoids (Car), and growth traits like shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW).”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd increased shoot and root lengths and biomass under drought.
- Treatment
- SNP plus Spde0
- Outcome
- shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, addition of SNP plus Spd under drought caused a remarkable increase in chlorophyll a (Chl a ), chlorophyll b (Chl b ), chlorophyll total (Chl t ), carotenoids (Car), and growth traits like shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW).”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd potentially increased water status under drought by 8–10%.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- Combined SNP and Spd applicatione0
- Outcome
- water statuse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8–10%e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined SNP and Spd application could potentially alleviate the drought-induced damages in sunflower through increased water status (8–10%), antioxidant enzymes (17–28%), chlorophyll pigments (14–21%), and growth performance (12–22%) under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd potentially increased antioxidant enzymes under drought by 17–28%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Combined SNP and Spd applicatione0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17–28%e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined SNP and Spd application could potentially alleviate the drought-induced damages in sunflower through increased water status (8–10%), antioxidant enzymes (17–28%), chlorophyll pigments (14–21%), and growth performance (12–22%) under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd potentially increased chlorophyll pigments under drought by 14–21%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Combined SNP and Spd applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll pigmentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14–21%e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined SNP and Spd application could potentially alleviate the drought-induced damages in sunflower through increased water status (8–10%), antioxidant enzymes (17–28%), chlorophyll pigments (14–21%), and growth performance (12–22%) under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and Spd potentially increased growth performance under drought by 12–22%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Combined SNP and Spd applicatione0
- Outcome
- growth performancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12–22%e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined SNP and Spd application could potentially alleviate the drought-induced damages in sunflower through increased water status (8–10%), antioxidant enzymes (17–28%), chlorophyll pigments (14–21%), and growth performance (12–22%) under drought stress.”
The same questions in other papers
sodium nitroprusside · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: water · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: oxidative · Viridiplantae (plants)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
spermidine · physiology: pigments · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
spermidine · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
drought · physiology: water · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →drought · physiology: oxidative · Viridiplantae (plants)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.