Abstract
Drought is one of the main environmental constraints that can reduce plant yield. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signal molecule involved in plant responses to several environmental stresses. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytoprotective effect of a single foliar application of 0, 1, 10 or 100 µM of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in sunflower plants under water stress. Water stressed plants treated with 1μM SNP showed an increase in the relative water content compared with 0 μM SNP. Drought reduced the shoot dry weight but SNP applications did not result in alleviation of drought effects. Neither drought nor water stress plus SNP applications altered the content of photosynthetic pigments. Stomatal conductance was reduced by drought and this reduction was accompanied by a significant reduction in intercellular CO2 concentration and photosynthesis. Treatment with SNP did not reverse the effect of drought on the gas exchange characteristics. Drought increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline and reduced pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) activity, but did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). When the water stressed plants were treated with 10 μM SNP, the activity of PG-POD and the content of proline were increased and the level of MDA was decreased. The results show that the adverse effects of water stress on sunflower plants are dependent on the external NO concentration. The action of NO may be explained by its ability to increase the levels of antioxidant compounds and the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, 1 μM SNP increased relative water content versus no SNP.
- Taxon
- sunflower plants
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- 1μM SNPe0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- 0 μM SNPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stressed plants treated with 1μM SNP showed an increase in the relative water content compared with 0 μM SNP.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought reduced the shoot dry weight but SNP applications did not result in alleviation of drought effects.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP did not alleviate the drought effect on shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SNP applicationse0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- did not result in alleviatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought reduced the shoot dry weight but SNP applications did not result in alleviation of drought effects.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither drought nor drought with SNP changed photosynthetic pigment content.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- content of photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- Neithere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither drought nor water stress plus SNP applications altered the content of photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- Stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal conductance was reduced by drought and this reduction was accompanied by a significant reduction in intercellular CO2 concentration and photosynthesis.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced intercellular CO2 concentration.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentratione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal conductance was reduced by drought and this reduction was accompanied by a significant reduction in intercellular CO2 concentration and photosynthesis.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal conductance was reduced by drought and this reduction was accompanied by a significant reduction in intercellular CO2 concentration and photosynthesis.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP did not reverse the drought effect on gas exchange.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Treatment with SNPe0
- Outcome
- gas exchange characteristicse0
- Direction
- did not reversee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with SNP did not reverse the effect of drought on the gas exchange characteristics.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- level of malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline and reduced pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) activity, but did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased proline.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline and reduced pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) activity, but did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced PG-POD activity.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline and reduced pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) activity, but did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought did not affect SOD activity.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline and reduced pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) activity, but did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In water-stressed plants, 10 μM SNP increased PG-POD activity.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 10 μM SNPe0
- Outcome
- activity of PG-PODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the water stressed plants were treated with 10 μM SNP, the activity of PG-POD and the content of proline were increased and the level of MDA was decreased.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In water-stressed plants, 10 μM SNP increased proline content.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 10 μM SNPe0
- Outcome
- content of prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the water stressed plants were treated with 10 μM SNP, the activity of PG-POD and the content of proline were increased and the level of MDA was decreased.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In water-stressed plants, 10 μM SNP decreased MDA.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 10 μM SNPe0
- Outcome
- level of MDAe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the water stressed plants were treated with 10 μM SNP, the activity of PG-POD and the content of proline were increased and the level of MDA was decreased.”
t0“sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed that nitric oxide protects sunflower through antioxidant compounds and ROS-scavenging enzymes.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- action of NOe0
- Qualifier
- increase the levels of antioxidant compounds and the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The action of NO may be explained by its ability to increase the levels of antioxidant compounds and the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes.”
t0“sunflower plants”
The same questions in other papers
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: oxidative · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
sodium nitroprusside · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: water · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
drought · physiology: gas exchange · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →drought · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →drought · physiology: oxidative · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →drought · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
55 papers more in this group
See all 59 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.