Abstract
Contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metal is a significant risk for the environment. Many substances are reported to alleviate the toxic effects of heavy metals such as polyamines. The aim of this study is to examine whether the toxic effects of 0.1 mM aluminum, which is previously detected in sunflower leaves, might be alleviated with 0.1 mM putrescine, spermine or spermidine and to compare the effects of putrescine, spermine and spermidine in the ameliorating process. Chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin content increased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment under aluminum toxicity. However, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content only increased after spermine treatment. Intense accumulation of reactive oxygen species under aluminum toxicity decreased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment while the spermine showed the maximum decrease. Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and hydrogen peroxide content increased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment while the spermine showed the maximum increase. Besides, catalase enzyme activity increased only after spermine treatment. Results showed that 0.1 mM putrescine, spermine and spermidine increased the 0.1 mM aluminum toxicity tolerance of sunflower leaves by modulating the reactive oxygen species detoxification metabolism. Spermine was the most effective polyamine in improving the aluminum tolerance.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin under aluminum stress.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin content increased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment under aluminum toxicity.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine increased chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin under aluminum stress.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin content increased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment under aluminum toxicity.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin under aluminum stress.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spermidinee0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll a, carotenoid and anthocyanin content increased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment under aluminum toxicity.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Only spermine increased chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content only increased after spermine treatment.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation under aluminum toxicity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intense accumulation of reactive oxygen species under aluminum toxicity decreased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment while the spermine showed the maximum decrease.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine caused the maximum decrease in reactive oxygen species accumulation.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- maximum decreasee0
- Comparator
- aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intense accumulation of reactive oxygen species under aluminum toxicity decreased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment while the spermine showed the maximum decrease.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation under aluminum toxicity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spermidinee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intense accumulation of reactive oxygen species under aluminum toxicity decreased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment while the spermine showed the maximum decrease.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased superoxide dismutase activity and hydrogen peroxide content.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and hydrogen peroxide contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and hydrogen peroxide content increased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment while the spermine showed the maximum increase.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine caused the maximum increase in superoxide dismutase activity and hydrogen peroxide content.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and hydrogen peroxide contente0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and hydrogen peroxide content increased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment while the spermine showed the maximum increase.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased superoxide dismutase activity and hydrogen peroxide content.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- spermidinee0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and hydrogen peroxide contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and hydrogen peroxide content increased after putrescine, spermine and spermidine treatment while the spermine showed the maximum increase.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Only spermine increased catalase activity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- catalase enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Besides, catalase enzyme activity increased only after spermine treatment.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased sunflower aluminum tolerance.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 0.1 mM putrescinee0
- Outcome
- aluminum toxicity tolerancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 0.1 mM aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that 0.1 mM putrescine, spermine and spermidine increased the 0.1 mM aluminum toxicity tolerance of sunflower leaves by modulating the reactive oxygen species detoxification metabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine increased sunflower aluminum tolerance.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- aluminum toxicity tolerancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 0.1 mM aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that 0.1 mM putrescine, spermine and spermidine increased the 0.1 mM aluminum toxicity tolerance of sunflower leaves by modulating the reactive oxygen species detoxification metabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased sunflower aluminum tolerance.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- spermidinee0
- Outcome
- aluminum toxicity tolerancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 0.1 mM aluminum toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that 0.1 mM putrescine, spermine and spermidine increased the 0.1 mM aluminum toxicity tolerance of sunflower leaves by modulating the reactive oxygen species detoxification metabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine was the most effective polyamine for aluminum tolerance.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Sperminee0
- Outcome
- aluminum tolerancee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- polyaminee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spermine was the most effective polyamine in improving the aluminum tolerance.”
t0“sunflower”
The same questions in other papers
spermidine · physiology: pigments · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.