Abstract
Species of the genus Trichoderma occur ubiquitously in soils, on plant roots and in decaying plant residues. Due to its competitiveness and mycoparasitic potential against other microorganisms, particular strains of Trichoderma spp. are used in agriculture as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. However, Trichoderma afroharzianum has been recently reported as a pathogen causing ear rot disease on maize in Germany, France and Italy, leading to massive infections on maize cobs. This raised the question, whether and to what extent Trichoderma spp. can infect cereal crops other than maize and cause disease symptoms and yield losses. To address this question, two varieties of wheat, barley and sorghum were grown in the greenhouse and artificially inoculated with T. afroharzianum by both spray and point inoculation at the time of flowering. Disease severity was scored weekly, and thousand-kernel weight and colonization rate were determined after harvest. As early as 14 days after inoculation, the first visual symptoms appeared on wheat and barley as tan or brown discoloration of the base of a floret within the spikelets. After spray inoculation, clear discolorations of the entire ear were seen, while point inoculation only showed symptoms at the injection site and above. No visible symptoms were observed on sorghum millet. The colonization rate on wheat and barley grains was significantly increased compared to the control, while thousand-kernel weights (TKWs) were significantly reduced. No differences in colonization rate and TKW compared to the control were observed in sorghum. This is the first report of Trichoderma afroharzianum infecting wheat and barley, causing disease symptoms and significantly reducing thousand-kernel weights.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat showed floret discoloration within 14 days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- inoculated with T. afroharzianume1
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume1pathogen
- Outcome
- tan or brown discoloration of the base of a florete0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As early as 14 days after inoculation, the first visual symptoms appeared on wheat and barley as tan or brown discoloration of the base of a floret within the spikelets”
e1“artificially inoculated with T. afroharzianum by both spray and point inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley showed floret discoloration within 14 days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- inoculated with T. afroharzianume1
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume1pathogen
- Outcome
- tan or brown discoloration of the base of a florete0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“As early as 14 days after inoculation, the first visual symptoms appeared on wheat and barley as tan or brown discoloration of the base of a floret within the spikelets”
e1“artificially inoculated with T. afroharzianum by both spray and point inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray inoculation caused discoloration of entire cereal ears.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- spray inoculatione0
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume2pathogen
- Outcome
- discolorations of the entire eare0
- Comparator
- point inoculatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After spray inoculation, clear discolorations of the entire ear were seen, while point inoculation only showed symptoms at the injection site and above”
e1“appeared on wheat and barley”
e2“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Point inoculation limited symptoms to the injection site and above.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- point inoculatione0
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume2pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms at the injection site and abovee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“point inoculation only showed symptoms at the injection site and above”
e1“appeared on wheat and barley”
e2“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum millet showed no visible symptoms.
- Taxon
- sorghum millete0
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume1pathogen
- Outcome
- No visible symptomse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“No visible symptoms were observed on sorghum millet”
e1“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain colonization increased significantly relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. afroharzianume1
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume1pathogen
- Outcome
- colonization ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The colonization rate on wheat and barley grains was significantly increased compared to the control”
e1“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley grain colonization increased significantly relative to control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. afroharzianume1
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume1pathogen
- Outcome
- colonization ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The colonization rate on wheat and barley grains was significantly increased compared to the control”
e1“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat thousand-kernel weight decreased significantly.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. afroharzianume2
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume2pathogen
- Outcome
- thousand-kernel weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thousand-kernel weights (TKWs) were significantly reduced”
e1“The colonization rate on wheat and barley grains was significantly increased compared to the control”
e2“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley thousand-kernel weight decreased significantly.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. afroharzianume2
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume2pathogen
- Outcome
- thousand-kernel weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thousand-kernel weights (TKWs) were significantly reduced”
e1“The colonization rate on wheat and barley grains was significantly increased compared to the control”
e2“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum colonization rate did not differ from control.
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. afroharzianume1
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume1pathogen
- Outcome
- colonization ratee0
- Direction
- No differencese0
- Comparator
- the controle0
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No differences in colonization rate and TKW compared to the control were observed in sorghum”
e1“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum thousand-kernel weight did not differ from control.
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. afroharzianume1
- Interactor
- T. afroharzianumTrichoderma afroharzianume1pathogen
- Outcome
- TKWe0
- Direction
- No differencese0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No differences in colonization rate and TKW compared to the control were observed in sorghum”
e1“inoculated with T. afroharzianum”
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