Abstract
Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive pests of various crops cultivated in Thailand. Spodoptera litura larvae, at early stages, attack the leaves and feed on every part of infested crops in later stages. Acorus calamus essential oil contains toxic asarones, which are generalistic cytotoxic compounds. However, the present study is the first attempt to look at safer metabolites from the rhizomes that could deter insect feeding. The objective was to use such compounds as safer residues on crops that would prevent the feeding of herbivorous lepidopterans. Accordingly, phenolic metabolites were isolated and evaluated to establish the feeding deterrence against polyphagous S. litura larvae. Methanol extract of A. calamus, chrysin, and 4-hydroxy acetophenone compounds were the most effective feeding deterrents with FD50 of 87.18, 10.33, and 70.77 µg/cm2, respectively, after 4 h of feeding on treated kale leaves in a no-choice leaf disc assay. Chrysin also reduced carboxylesterase activities (1.37-fold), whereas A. calamus methanol extract reduced glutathione-S-transferase activities (1.44-fold). Some larvae were also seen dead if they consumed the treated kale leaves. Feeding deterrent activity in the methanol extract of A. calamus was due to chrysin and 4-hydroxy acetophenone. The large-scale utilization of such compounds could help develop feeding deterrent strategies in the integrated pest management of lepidopterans.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Methanol extract of A. calamus deterred S. litura feeding on kale leaves with FD50 87.18 µg/cm2.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Treatment
- Methanol extract of A. calamuse0
- Interactor
- S. litura
Spodoptera liturae0pest - Outcome
- feeding deterrentse0
- Value
- 87.18e0
- Qualifier
- after 4 he0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accordingly, phenolic metabolites were isolated and evaluated to establish the feeding deterrence against polyphagous S. litura larvae. Methanol extract of A. calamus, chrysin, and 4-hydroxy acetophenone compounds were the most effective feeding deterrents with FD50 of 87.18, 10.33, and 70.77 µg/cm2, respectively, after 4 h of feeding on treated kale leaves in a no-choice leaf disc assay.”
Claim · model-written summary
chrysin deterred S. litura feeding on kale leaves with FD50 10.33 µg/cm2.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- chrysine0
- Interactor
- S. lituraSpodoptera liturae0pest
- Outcome
- feeding deterrentse0
- Value
- 10.33e0
- Qualifier
- after 4 he0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accordingly, phenolic metabolites were isolated and evaluated to establish the feeding deterrence against polyphagous S. litura larvae. Methanol extract of A. calamus, chrysin, and 4-hydroxy acetophenone compounds were the most effective feeding deterrents with FD50 of 87.18, 10.33, and 70.77 µg/cm2, respectively, after 4 h of feeding on treated kale leaves in a no-choice leaf disc assay.”
Claim · model-written summary
4-hydroxy acetophenone deterred S. litura feeding on kale leaves with FD50 70.77 µg/cm2.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- 4-hydroxy acetophenonee0
- Interactor
- S. lituraSpodoptera liturae0pest
- Outcome
- feeding deterrentse0
- Value
- 70.77e0
- Qualifier
- after 4 he0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accordingly, phenolic metabolites were isolated and evaluated to establish the feeding deterrence against polyphagous S. litura larvae. Methanol extract of A. calamus, chrysin, and 4-hydroxy acetophenone compounds were the most effective feeding deterrents with FD50 of 87.18, 10.33, and 70.77 µg/cm2, respectively, after 4 h of feeding on treated kale leaves in a no-choice leaf disc assay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysin reduced S. litura carboxylesterase activities by 1.37-fold.
- Taxon
- A. calamus
Acorus calamuse0 - Treatment
- Chrysine0
- Outcome
- carboxylesterase activitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.37-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chrysin also reduced carboxylesterase activities (1.37-fold), whereas A. calamus methanol extract reduced glutathione-S-transferase activities (1.44-fold).”
Claim · model-written summary
A. calamus methanol extract reduced S. litura glutathione-S-transferase activities by 1.44-fold.
- Taxon
- A. calamusAcorus calamuse0
- Treatment
- A. calamus methanol extracte0
- Outcome
- glutathione-S-transferase activitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.44-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chrysin also reduced carboxylesterase activities (1.37-fold), whereas A. calamus methanol extract reduced glutathione-S-transferase activities (1.44-fold).”
Claim · model-written summary
Some larvae died after consuming treated kale leaves.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Outcome
- larvae were also seen deade0
- Qualifier
- consumed the treated kale leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some larvae were also seen dead if they consumed the treated kale leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysin and 4-hydroxy acetophenone accounted for feeding deterrence by A. calamus extract.
- Taxon
- A. calamusAcorus calamuse0
- Compound
- chrysin and 4-hydroxy acetophenonee0
- Outcome
- Feeding deterrent activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Feeding deterrent activity in the methanol extract of A. calamus was due to chrysin and 4-hydroxy acetophenone.”
The same questions in other papers
Acorus calamus · Spodoptera litura · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · Spodoptera litura · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
9 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.