Abstract
Synthetic chemical pesticides can enhance crop yields but also have undesired effects. Alternative 'botanical insecticides' may also have non-target effects on pollinators and biocontrol services. Employing action thresholds (ATs) can reduce pesticide (whether synthetic or botanical) use compared to fixed-interval applications. Here the azadirachtin-based botanical formulation NeemAzal and a neem seed extract (NSE) were evaluated in field spraying trials alongside commonly-used synthetics (Voliam Flexi [chlorentraniliprole plus thiamethoxam] and imidacloprid) in developing ATs for the regular and cosmopolitan cauliflower pests Brevicoryne brassicae, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera litura. We considered the size of the S. litura larvae infesting the crop in order to derive ATs. ATs per plant were higher for NeemAzal (0.55 larvae for P. xylostella and 3 larvae for large-sized S. litura) than for Voliam Flexi (0.30 larvae for P. xylostella and 0.80 larvae for S. litura) but were similar for B. brassicae (50 individuals). Higher ATs when using azadirachtin were associated with the diverse modes of action of botanicals, for instance NeemAzal and NSE deterred oviposition of S. litura. Although the exact values of ATs are likely to have regional limits, our approach can be applied for determining ATs against common lepidopteran and aphid pests in many other vegetable crop agro-ecosystems.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
NeemAzal had a threshold of 0.55 P. xylostella larvae per plant.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytist0 - Treatment
- NeemAzale0
- Outcome
- ATs per plante0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.55 larvaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATs per plant were higher for NeemAzal (0.55 larvae for P. xylostella and 3 larvae for large-sized S. litura) than for Voliam Flexi (0.30 larvae for P. xylostella and 0.80 larvae for S. litura) but were similar for B. brassicae (50 individuals)”
t0“cauliflower”
t1“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
NeemAzal had a threshold of 3 large S. litura larvae per plant.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- NeemAzale0
- Interactor
- S. litura
Spodoptera liturae0pestt1 - Outcome
- ATs per plante0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3 larvaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATs per plant were higher for NeemAzal (0.55 larvae for P. xylostella and 3 larvae for large-sized S. litura) than for Voliam Flexi (0.30 larvae for P. xylostella and 0.80 larvae for S. litura) but were similar for B. brassicae (50 individuals)”
t0“cauliflower”
t1“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Voliam Flexi had a threshold of 0.30 P. xylostella larvae per plant.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Voliam Flexie0
- Outcome
- larvaee0
- Value
- 0.30 larvaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Voliam Flexi (0.30 larvae for P. xylostella and 0.80 larvae for S. litura)”
t0“cauliflower”
t1“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Voliam Flexi had a threshold of 0.80 S. litura larvae per plant.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Voliam Flexie0
- Interactor
- S. lituraSpodoptera liturae0pestt1
- Outcome
- larvaee0
- Value
- 0.80 larvaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Voliam Flexi (0.30 larvae for P. xylostella and 0.80 larvae for S. litura)”
t0“cauliflower”
t1“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
NeemAzal and NSE deterred S. litura oviposition.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- NeemAzal and NSEe0
- Interactor
- S. lituraSpodoptera liturae0pestt1
- Outcome
- oviposition of S. liturae0
- Direction
- deterrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NeemAzal and NSE deterred oviposition of S. litura”
t0“cauliflower”
t1“cauliflower”
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