Abstract
Maize genotypes' reactions against stalk rot causal organisms showed that the lowest disease incidence was recorded in cases fertilized by decomposing animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and insect control, compared with those fertilized by fresh animal manure and no insect control. The highest percent of insect infection as well as the highest lodging percent were recorded in soil treated with fresh manure with no insect control. The weight of 100 kernels decreased as well as the yield per two rows with plots treated with fresh animal manure and no insect control. Maize hybrids single cross 10 (SC10) had a suitable level of resistance to tested diseases and recorded a lower infection percent of tested diseases, higher values of weight of 100 kernels, and higher yield per tested row than those recorded with the tested open-pollinated variety (Balady). Fresh animal manure resulted in increasing disease severity for each tested disease, indicating the danger of farmers fertilizing their farms with fresh animal manure before storing it for a few weeks. The obtained results also illustrated high germination percent and high grain component percent, i.e., protein, oil, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, and phenols, in all grains collected from plots that were fertilized by stored animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and sprayed against insects, as compared with the control treatment. Overall, this study never recommended the use of fresh farmyard animal manure before storing it for at least 7-8 weeks for fertilization of the soil. All in all, true disease control, the lowest kernel rot diseases, and high quantitative and qualitative yields per 2 rows were obtained from the plots sprayed with insecticide and fertilized by stored animal manure (decomposing animal manure). In short, the study found that using decomposing animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and insect control is the best way to prevent stalk rot diseases in maize. Fresh animal manure should not be used, as it can increase the severity of the diseases.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Stored manure with insect control gave the lowest stalk rot incidence versus fresh manure without insect control.
- Treatment
- decomposing animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and insect controle0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- fresh animal manure and no insect controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“the lowest disease incidence was recorded in cases fertilized by decomposing animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and insect control, compared with those fertilized by fresh animal manure and no insect control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh manure without insect control had the highest insect infection.
- Treatment
- fresh manure with no insect controle0
- Interactor
- insecte0pest
- Outcome
- percent of insect infectione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“The highest percent of insect infection as well as the highest lodging percent were recorded in soil treated with fresh manure with no insect control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh manure without insect control produced the highest lodging.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“The highest percent of insect infection as well as the highest lodging percent were recorded in soil treated with fresh manure with no insect control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh manure without insect control decreased hundred-kernel weight.
- Treatment
- fresh animal manure and no insect controle0
- Outcome
- weight of 100 kernelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“The weight of 100 kernels decreased as well as the yield per two rows with plots treated with fresh animal manure and no insect control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh manure without insect control decreased yield per two rows.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“The weight of 100 kernels decreased as well as the yield per two rows with plots treated with fresh animal manure and no insect control.”
Claim · model-written summary
SC10 had lower disease infection than Balady.
- Material
- single cross 10 (SC10)e0
- Outcome
- infection percent of tested diseasese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- Baladye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“Maize hybrids single cross 10 (SC10) had a suitable level of resistance to tested diseases and recorded a lower infection percent of tested diseases, higher values of weight of 100 kernels, and higher yield per tested row than those recorded with the tested open-pollinated variety (Balady).”
Claim · model-written summary
SC10 had higher hundred-kernel weight than Balady.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“Maize hybrids single cross 10 (SC10) had a suitable level of resistance to tested diseases and recorded a lower infection percent of tested diseases, higher values of weight of 100 kernels, and higher yield per tested row than those recorded with the tested open-pollinated variety (Balady).”
Claim · model-written summary
SC10 had higher yield per tested row than Balady.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“Maize hybrids single cross 10 (SC10) had a suitable level of resistance to tested diseases and recorded a lower infection percent of tested diseases, higher values of weight of 100 kernels, and higher yield per tested row than those recorded with the tested open-pollinated variety (Balady).”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh manure increased severity of each tested disease.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“Fresh animal manure resulted in increasing disease severity for each tested disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Stored manure plus insecticide gave high grain germination.
- Treatment
- stored animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and sprayed against insectse0
- Outcome
- germination percente0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“high germination percent and high grain component percent, i.e., protein, oil, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, and phenols, in all grains collected from plots that were fertilized by stored animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and sprayed against insects, as compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stored manure plus insecticide gave high grain protein, oil, and ash percentages.
- Treatment
- stored animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and sprayed against insectse0
- Outcome
- protein, oil, ashe0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“high grain component percent, i.e., protein, oil, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, and phenols, in all grains collected from plots that were fertilized by stored animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and sprayed against insects, as compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stored manure plus insecticide gave high grain fiber, carbohydrate, and phenol percentages.
- Treatment
- stored animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and sprayed against insectse0
- Outcome
- fiber, carbohydrates, and phenolse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“high grain component percent, i.e., protein, oil, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, and phenols, in all grains collected from plots that were fertilized by stored animal manure (7-8 weeks old) and sprayed against insects, as compared with the control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stored manure plus insecticide produced the lowest kernel rot disease.
- Treatment
- sprayed with insecticide and fertilized by stored animal manuree0
- Outcome
- kernel rot diseasese0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“the lowest kernel rot diseases, and high quantitative and qualitative yields per 2 rows were obtained from the plots sprayed with insecticide and fertilized by stored animal manure (decomposing animal manure).”
Claim · model-written summary
Stored manure plus insecticide produced high quantitative and qualitative yields per two rows.
- Treatment
- sprayed with insecticide and fertilized by stored animal manuree0
- Outcome
- quantitative and qualitative yields per 2 rowse0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“high quantitative and qualitative yields per 2 rows were obtained from the plots sprayed with insecticide and fertilized by stored animal manure (decomposing animal manure).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend storing fresh farmyard manure at least seven to eight weeks before soil fertilization.
- Outcome
- use of fresh farmyard animal manure before storing it for at least 7-8 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize grains”
e0“Overall, this study never recommended the use of fresh farmyard animal manure before storing it for at least 7-8 weeks for fertilization of the soil.”
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See all 36 papers →8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.