Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hybrid, maturity at harvest [dry matter (DM) content], and length of storage on the composition and nutritive value of corn silage. The plants used in this study included a normal (NORM) and a brown midrib (BMR) hybrid, harvested at 32 or 41% DM and ensiled for various lengths of time (0 to 360 d) without inoculation. Measurements included nutrient analysis, fermentation end products, in vitro digestion of NDF (NDF-D, 30 h), and in vitro digestion of starch (7h). The concentration of acetic acid increased with length of storage for all treatments, specifically increasing as much as 140% between d 45 to 360 for 32% DM BMR silage. Small changes in lactic acid and ethanol were noted but varied by DM and hybrid. When averaged across maturities and length of storage, compared with NORM, BMR silage was lower in concentrations of lignin, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, but higher in starch. On average, NDF-D of both hybrids was not affected by length of storage between 45 and 270 d. The NDF-D was markedly greater for BMR than NORM after all times of storage. Increasing maturity at harvest generally did not affect the NDF-D of NORM, with the exception that it was slightly lower for the more mature plants at 270 and 360 d. In contrast, the NDF-D of BMR was lower in more mature silage by approximately 5 percentage units from 45 to 360 d. The concentration of starch for 32% DM NORM was lower (21%) than other treatments (31±3%; mean±SD) at harvest. This finding was probably the cause for starch digestibility to be highest in 32% DM NORM samples atd 0 (about 80%) and lower (65 to 68%) for other treatments. Concentrations of soluble N and ammonia-N increased with length of storage, indicating that proteolytic mechanisms were active beyond 2 to 3 mo of storage. The in vitro digestion of starch generally increased with length of storage, probably as a result of proteolysis. Although active fermentation occurs for only a relatively short time in the silo, many metabolic processes remain active during long-term storage. Changes in the nutritive value of corn silage during storage should be accounted for during ration formulations.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Acetic acid concentration increased with storage for all corn silage treatments, by as much as 140% between days 45 and 360 in 32% DM BMR silage.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Material
- BMRe0
- Treatment
- length of storagee0
- Outcome
- concentration of acetic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 140%e0
- Qualifier
- between d 45 to 360 for 32% DM BMR silagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of acetic acid increased with length of storage for all treatments, specifically increasing as much as 140% between d 45 to 360 for 32% DM BMR silage”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Small changes in lactic acid and ethanol varied by dry matter and hybrid in corn silage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- lactic acid and ethanole0
- Qualifier
- varied by DM and hybride0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Small changes in lactic acid and ethanol were noted but varied by DM and hybrid”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Averaged over maturity and storage, BMR corn silage had lower lignin, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber than NORM.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- BMRe0
- Outcome
- lignin, crude protein, neutral detergent fibere0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- averaged across maturities and length of storagee0
- Comparator
- NORMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When averaged across maturities and length of storage, compared with NORM, BMR silage was lower in concentrations of lignin, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, but higher in starch”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
BMR corn silage had lower acid detergent fiber than NORM averaged across maturity and storage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- BMRe0
- Outcome
- acid detergent fibere0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- averaged across maturities and length of storagee0
- Comparator
- NORMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When averaged across maturities and length of storage, compared with NORM, BMR silage was lower in concentrations of lignin, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, but higher in starch”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
BMR corn silage had higher starch than NORM averaged across maturity and storage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When averaged across maturities and length of storage, compared with NORM, BMR silage was lower in concentrations of lignin, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, but higher in starch”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
On average, storage between days 45 and 270 did not affect NDF digestion of either corn hybrid.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- length of storagee0
- Outcome
- NDF-De0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- between 45 and 270 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, NDF-D of both hybrids was not affected by length of storage between 45 and 270 d”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
NDF digestion was markedly greater for BMR than NORM corn after every storage duration.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- BMRe0
- Outcome
- NDF-De0
- Direction
- markedly greatere0
- Qualifier
- after all times of storagee0
- Comparator
- NORMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NDF-D was markedly greater for BMR than NORM after all times of storage”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing harvest maturity generally did not affect NDF digestion of NORM corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- NORMe0
- Treatment
- Increasing maturity at harveste0
- Outcome
- NDF-De0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- generallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing maturity at harvest generally did not affect the NDF-D of NORM”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
NDF digestion of NORM corn was slightly lower in more mature plants at days 270 and 360.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- NORMe0
- Treatment
- Increasing maturity at harveste0
- Outcome
- NDF-De0
- Direction
- slightly lowere0
- Qualifier
- at 270 and 360 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing maturity at harvest generally did not affect the NDF-D of NORM, with the exception that it was slightly lower for the more mature plants at 270 and 360 d”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
More mature BMR corn silage had approximately five percentage units lower NDF digestion from days 45 to 360.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- BMRe0
- Treatment
- more mature silagee0
- Outcome
- NDF-De0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- approximately 5 percentage unitse0
- Qualifier
- from 45 to 360 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the NDF-D of BMR was lower in more mature silage by approximately 5 percentage units from 45 to 360 d”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest, starch concentration of 32% DM NORM corn was 21%, lower than other treatments at 31±3%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- NORMe0
- Organ / stage
- at harveste0
- Outcome
- concentration of starche0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- 31±3%; mean±SDe0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of starch for 32% DM NORM was lower (21%) than other treatments (31±3%; mean±SD) at harvest”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch digestibility was highest, about 80%, in 32% DM NORM corn samples at day zero.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- NORMe0
- Outcome
- starch digestibilitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- about 80%e0
- Qualifier
- 32% DM NORM samples atd 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This finding was probably the cause for starch digestibility to be highest in 32% DM NORM samples atd 0 (about 80%) and lower (65 to 68%) for other treatments”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Other corn treatments had lower day-zero starch digestibility, 65 to 68%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- starch digestibilitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 65 to 68%e0
- Qualifier
- other treatmentse0
- Comparator
- NORMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This finding was probably the cause for starch digestibility to be highest in 32% DM NORM samples atd 0 (about 80%) and lower (65 to 68%) for other treatments”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The low starch concentration was interpreted as the probable reason for highest day-zero starch digestibility in 32% DM NORM corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- NORMe0
- Compound
- starche0
- Outcome
- starch digestibilitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- probably the causee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of starch for 32% DM NORM was lower (21%) than other treatments (31±3%; mean±SD) at harvest. This finding was probably the cause for starch digestibility to be highest in 32% DM NORM samples atd 0 (about 80%) and lower (65 to 68%) for other treatments”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen concentrations increased with corn silage storage duration.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- length of storagee0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of soluble N and ammonia-Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of soluble N and ammonia-N increased with length of storage”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soluble and ammonia nitrogen indicated that proteolytic mechanisms remained active beyond two to three months of corn silage storage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of soluble N and ammonia-Ne0
- Qualifier
- proteolytic mechanisms were active beyond 2 to 3 mo of storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of soluble N and ammonia-N increased with length of storage, indicating that proteolytic mechanisms were active beyond 2 to 3 mo of storage”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro starch digestion generally increased with corn silage storage duration.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- length of storagee0
- Outcome
- in vitro digestion of starche0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- generallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vitro digestion of starch generally increased with length of storage, probably as a result of proteolysis”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The storage-related increase in starch digestion was interpreted as probably resulting from proteolysis.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- in vitro digestion of starche0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- probably as a result of proteolysise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vitro digestion of starch generally increased with length of storage, probably as a result of proteolysis”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Many metabolic processes remain active during long-term corn silage storage despite relatively brief active fermentation.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- many metabolic processes remain activee0
- Qualifier
- during long-term storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although active fermentation occurs for only a relatively short time in the silo, many metabolic processes remain active during long-term storage”
t0“corn silage”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend accounting for storage-related corn silage nutritive-value changes in ration formulations.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- accounted for during ration formulationse0
- Qualifier
- Changes in the nutritive value of corn silage during storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Changes in the nutritive value of corn silage during storage should be accounted for during ration formulations”
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