Abstract
Abstract Heat stress poses a threat to plants in arid and semiarid regions, leading to soil salinization and plant mortality. Researchers are exploring remedies to alleviate these effects, including using gibberellic acid (GA3) to regulate plant enzymes and antioxidants. Additionally, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is gaining attention, but its combined effect with GA3 requires further research. To address this gap, we investigated the effects of GA3 and SNP on plants under heat stress conditions. For that, wheat plants were cultivated under 40 °C for 6 h per day (15 days). Sodium nitroprusside (donor of NO and SNP) and gibberellic acid (GA3), respectively, with 100 µM and 5 µg/ml concentrations, were applied as foliar sprays at 10 days after sowing (DAS). Results showed that SNP + GA3 treatment had the highest plant height (4.48% increase), plant fresh weight (29.7%), plant dry weight (87%), photosynthetic rate (39.76%) and stomatal conductance (38.10%), and Rubisco (54.2%) compared to the control. Our findings indicate a significant increase in NO, H 2 O 2 , TBARS, SOD, POD, APX, proline, GR, and GB that greatly scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) for decreasing the adverse effect of stress. Such findings confirmed the efficacy of the combined treatment of SNP + GA3 under high-temperature stress compared to the solitary application of GA3, SNP, and control. In conclusion, using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applications. Further research is recommended to validate the effectiveness of SNP + GA3 in other cereal crops. Graphical Abstract
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and GA3 produced the highest plant height under heat stress, 4.48% above control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- SNP + GA3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.48%e0
- Qualifier
- heat stresse1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that SNP + GA3 treatment had the highest plant height (4.48% increase), plant fresh weight (29.7%), plant dry weight (87%), photosynthetic rate (39.76%) and stomatal conductance (38.10%), and Rubisco (54.2%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“In conclusion, using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and GA3 produced the highest plant fresh weight under heat stress, 29.7% above control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SNP + GA3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant fresh weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 29.7%e0
- Qualifier
- heat stresse1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that SNP + GA3 treatment had the highest plant height (4.48% increase), plant fresh weight (29.7%), plant dry weight (87%), photosynthetic rate (39.76%) and stomatal conductance (38.10%), and Rubisco (54.2%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“In conclusion, using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and GA3 produced the highest plant dry weight under heat stress, 87% above control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SNP + GA3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant dry weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 87%e0
- Qualifier
- heat stresse1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that SNP + GA3 treatment had the highest plant height (4.48% increase), plant fresh weight (29.7%), plant dry weight (87%), photosynthetic rate (39.76%) and stomatal conductance (38.10%), and Rubisco (54.2%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“In conclusion, using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and GA3 produced the highest photosynthetic rate under heat stress, 39.76% above control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SNP + GA3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 39.76%e0
- Qualifier
- heat stresse1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that SNP + GA3 treatment had the highest plant height (4.48% increase), plant fresh weight (29.7%), plant dry weight (87%), photosynthetic rate (39.76%) and stomatal conductance (38.10%), and Rubisco (54.2%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“In conclusion, using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and GA3 produced the highest stomatal conductance under heat stress, 38.10% above control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SNP + GA3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 38.10%e0
- Qualifier
- heat stresse1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that SNP + GA3 treatment had the highest plant height (4.48% increase), plant fresh weight (29.7%), plant dry weight (87%), photosynthetic rate (39.76%) and stomatal conductance (38.10%), and Rubisco (54.2%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“In conclusion, using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined SNP and GA3 produced the highest Rubisco under heat stress, 54.2% above control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SNP + GA3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- Rubiscoe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 54.2%e0
- Qualifier
- heat stresse1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that SNP + GA3 treatment had the highest plant height (4.48% increase), plant fresh weight (29.7%), plant dry weight (87%), photosynthetic rate (39.76%) and stomatal conductance (38.10%), and Rubisco (54.2%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“In conclusion, using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment significantly increased NO, H 2 O 2 , TBARS under heat stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprusside and gibberellic acidt1
- Outcome
- NO, H 2 O 2 , TBARSe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our findings indicate a significant increase in NO, H 2 O 2 , TBARS, SOD, POD, APX, proline, GR, and GB that greatly scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) for decreasing the adverse effect of stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
t1“sodium nitroprusside and gibberellic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment significantly increased SOD, POD, APX under heat stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprusside and gibberellic acidt1
- Outcome
- SOD, POD, APXe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our findings indicate a significant increase in NO, H 2 O 2 , TBARS, SOD, POD, APX, proline, GR, and GB that greatly scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) for decreasing the adverse effect of stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
t1“sodium nitroprusside and gibberellic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment significantly increased proline, GR, and GB under heat stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprusside and gibberellic acidt1
- Outcome
- proline, GR, and GBe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our findings indicate a significant increase in NO, H 2 O 2 , TBARS, SOD, POD, APX, proline, GR, and GB that greatly scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) for decreasing the adverse effect of stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
t1“sodium nitroprusside and gibberellic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined SNP and GA3 to mitigate heat stress in wheat over separate applications.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, using SNP + GA3 is a better strategy for mitigating heat stress in wheat than individual applications.”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Gibberellic acid · physiology: oxidative · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →sodium nitroprusside · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
34 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →sodium nitroprusside · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
34 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →sodium nitroprusside · physiology: oxidative · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
39 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →Gibberellic acid · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
53 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
63 papers more in this group
See all 67 papers →sodium nitroprusside · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Gibberellic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.