Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-accepted signaling molecule that has regulatory effects on plants under various stresses. Salinity is a major issue that adversely affects plant growth and productivity. The current study was carried out to investigate changes in the growth, biochemical parameters, and yield of wheat plants in response to NO donors, namely sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (2.5 and 5.0 mM) and arginine (10 and 20 mM), under two salinity levels (1.2 mM and 85.5 mM NaCl). Salinity stress significantly decreased the lengths and weights of plant parts (shoot, tiller, and root) and reduced the flag leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid (IAA), and yield and its components. Moreover, salt stress induced a significant accumulation of some osmoprotectants (total soluble sugars (TSS) and amino acids, especially proline) and triggered the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation in wheat leaves. In contrast, arginine and SNP treatments significantly mitigated the negative impacts of salinity on growth and productivity via enhancing photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase, phenolic compounds, IAA, TSS, free amino acids, and proline. In addition, SNP and arginine potentially reduced oxidative damage by decreasing H2O2 and lipid peroxidation through the induction of antioxidant enzymes. The individual amino acid composition of wheat grains under the interactive effect of salinity and NO sources has been scarcely documented until now. In this study, the NO sources restrained the reduction in essential amino acids (isoleucine and lysine) of wheat grains under salinity stress and further stimulated the contents of non-essential and total aromatic amino acids. Interestingly, the applied protectants recovered the decrease in arginine and serine induced by salinity stress. Thus, SNP or arginine at the levels of 5.0 and 20 mM, respectively, had a profound effect on modulating the salt stress of wheat throughout the life cycle.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress decreased the lengths and weights of shoot, tiller and root.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- lengths and weights of plant parts (shoot, tiller, and root)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e0“Salinity stress significantly decreased the lengths and weights of plant parts (shoot, tiller, and root)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced flag leaf area, photosynthetic pigments and IAA.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- flag leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e0“Salinity stress significantly decreased the lengths and weights of plant parts (shoot, tiller, and root) and reduced the flag leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid (IAA), and yield and its components”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced yield and its components.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- yield and its componentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e0“Salinity stress significantly decreased the lengths and weights of plant parts (shoot, tiller, and root) and reduced the flag leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid (IAA), and yield and its components”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress induced a significant accumulation of osmoprotectants, especially proline.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- osmoprotectants (total soluble sugars (TSS) and amino acids, especially proline)e1
- Direction
- accumulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e1“salt stress induced a significant accumulation of some osmoprotectants (total soluble sugars (TSS) and amino acids, especially proline)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress triggered accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidatione2
- Direction
- accumulatione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e0“Salinity stress significantly decreased the lengths and weights of plant parts (shoot, tiller, and root)”
e2“triggered the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation in wheat leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP mitigated the negative impacts of salinity on growth and productivity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SNPe3
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye3
- Direction
- mitigatede3
- Comparator
- salinitye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e3“arginine and SNP treatments significantly mitigated the negative impacts of salinity on growth and productivity via enhancing photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase, phenolic compounds, IAA, TSS, free amino acids, and proline”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine mitigated the negative impacts of salinity on growth and productivity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- argininee3
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye3
- Direction
- mitigatede3
- Comparator
- salinitye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e3“arginine and SNP treatments significantly mitigated the negative impacts of salinity on growth and productivity via enhancing photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase, phenolic compounds, IAA, TSS, free amino acids, and proline”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine and SNP treatments enhanced photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase and phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- arginine and SNP treatmentse3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase, phenolic compoundse3
- Direction
- enhancinge3
- Comparator
- salinitye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e3“arginine and SNP treatments significantly mitigated the negative impacts of salinity on growth and productivity via enhancing photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase, phenolic compounds, IAA, TSS, free amino acids, and proline”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine and SNP treatments enhanced IAA, TSS, free amino acids and proline.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- arginine and SNP treatmentse3
- Outcome
- IAA, TSS, free amino acids, and prolinee3
- Direction
- enhancinge3
- Comparator
- salinitye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e3“arginine and SNP treatments significantly mitigated the negative impacts of salinity on growth and productivity via enhancing photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase, phenolic compounds, IAA, TSS, free amino acids, and proline”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP and arginine reduced H2O2 and lipid peroxidation, potentially through induction of antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SNP and argininee4
- Outcome
- H2O2 and lipid peroxidatione4
- Direction
- decreasinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e4“SNP and arginine potentially reduced oxidative damage by decreasing H2O2 and lipid peroxidation through the induction of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
NO sources restrained the reduction in essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine in grains under salinity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NO sourcese5
- Outcome
- reduction in essential amino acids (isoleucine and lysine)e5
- Direction
- restrainede5
- Comparator
- salinity stresse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e5“the NO sources restrained the reduction in essential amino acids (isoleucine and lysine) of wheat grains under salinity stress and further stimulated the contents of non-essential and total aromatic amino acids”
Claim · model-written summary
NO sources stimulated the contents of non-essential and total aromatic amino acids in grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NO sourcese5
- Outcome
- contents of non-essential and total aromatic amino acidse5
- Direction
- stimulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e5“the NO sources restrained the reduction in essential amino acids (isoleucine and lysine) of wheat grains under salinity stress and further stimulated the contents of non-essential and total aromatic amino acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied protectants recovered the salinity-induced decrease in arginine and serine.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- applied protectantse6
- Outcome
- arginine and serinee6
- Direction
- recoverede6
- Comparator
- salinity stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e6“the applied protectants recovered the decrease in arginine and serine induced by salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP or arginine at 5.0 and 20 mM, respectively, is recommended to modulate salt stress in wheat throughout the life cycle.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- modulating the salt stress of wheat throughout the life cyclee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat”
e7“SNP or arginine at the levels of 5.0 and 20 mM, respectively, had a profound effect on modulating the salt stress of wheat throughout the life cycle”
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See all 10 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.