Abstract
• Drought stress reduced yield and nutritional content. • Drought stress reduced photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in two spinach varieties. • Amino acid application improved the osmolytes and antioxidant activities of spinach under drought stress. • Nutrient acquisition and translocation were improved by foliar spray of amino acids. As part of human nutrition, organic fertilizer decreases chemical fertilizers exposure and increases plant nutritional value, which is a major concern nowadays. This study highlights the current state of knowledge on the effect of drought stress and amino acid application to avert drought damage to two spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) varieties at the developmental and maturation stages. Two varieties of spinach, namely Desi and VRI-2019, were exposed to different amino acid treatments such as methionine (Meth), tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), proline (Pro) and mixture at 250 mg/L at 50% (drought) and 100% (control). The results showed that drought stress deteriorated spinach's growth and yield attributes and hindered the nutrient uptake of essential nutrients. However, the amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) and enhanced the growth (root length, fresh and dry weight, shoot length, fresh and dry weight), yield attributes (number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plant and leaf area), nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium) and antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase), which differed depending on the spinach varieties; therefore, the use of Desi variety should be recommended under drought-prone areas with the addition of mixed emulsion of amino acids or/and separate doses according to the amino acid availability.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced growth and yield attributes of spinach relative to the 100% control.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- growth and yield attributese1
- Direction
- deterioratede1
- Comparator
- 100% (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“drought stress deteriorated spinach's growth and yield attributes and hindered the nutrient uptake of essential nutrients”
e2“at 50% (drought) and 100% (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress hindered nutrient uptake of essential nutrients in spinach relative to the 100% control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake of essential nutrientse1
- Direction
- hinderede1
- Comparator
- 100% (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“drought stress deteriorated spinach's growth and yield attributes and hindered the nutrient uptake of essential nutrients”
e2“at 50% (drought) and 100% (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in two spinach varieties.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae4
- Material
- two spinach varietiese4
- Treatment
- Drought stresse4
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and secondary metabolitese4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Drought stress reduced photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in two spinach varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid application improved osmolytes and antioxidant activities of spinach under drought stress.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae5
- Treatment
- Amino acid applicatione5
- Outcome
- osmolytes and antioxidant activitiese5
- Direction
- improvede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Amino acid application improved the osmolytes and antioxidant activities of spinach under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of amino acids improved nutrient acquisition and translocation in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of amino acidse6
- Outcome
- Nutrient acquisition and translocatione6
- Direction
- improvede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e6“Nutrient acquisition and translocation were improved by foliar spray of amino acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- amino acid applicatione3
- Outcome
- quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics)e3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“the amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) and enhanced the growth (root length, fresh and dry weight, shoot length, fresh and dry weight), yield attributes (number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plant and leaf area), nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium) and antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid application enhanced root length, fresh and dry weight of spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- amino acid applicatione3
- Outcome
- root length, fresh and dry weighte3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“the amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) and enhanced the growth (root length, fresh and dry weight, shoot length, fresh and dry weight), yield attributes (number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plant and leaf area), nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium) and antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid application enhanced shoot length of spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- amino acid applicatione3
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“the amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) and enhanced the growth (root length, fresh and dry weight, shoot length, fresh and dry weight), yield attributes (number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plant and leaf area), nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium) and antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid application enhanced number of leaves, weight of leaf and yield per plant of spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- amino acid applicatione3
- Outcome
- number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plante3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“the amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) and enhanced the growth (root length, fresh and dry weight, shoot length, fresh and dry weight), yield attributes (number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plant and leaf area), nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium) and antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid application enhanced leaf area of spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- amino acid applicatione3
- Outcome
- leaf areae3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“the amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) and enhanced the growth (root length, fresh and dry weight, shoot length, fresh and dry weight), yield attributes (number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plant and leaf area), nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium) and antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid application enhanced calcium and potassium uptake in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- amino acid applicatione3
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium)e3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“the amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) and enhanced the growth (root length, fresh and dry weight, shoot length, fresh and dry weight), yield attributes (number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plant and leaf area), nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium) and antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid application enhanced the antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase) of spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- amino acid applicatione3
- Outcome
- antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase)e3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“the amino acid application improved the quantity and quality composition of secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) and enhanced the growth (root length, fresh and dry weight, shoot length, fresh and dry weight), yield attributes (number of leaves, the weight of leaf, yield per plant and leaf area), nutrient uptake (calcium and potassium) and antioxidant machinery (catalase and peroxidase)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Desi spinach variety should be recommended for drought-prone areas with mixed amino acid emulsion.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Material
- Desi varietye7
- Treatment
- mixed emulsion of amino acidse7
- Outcome
- use of Desi variety should be recommended under drought-prone arease7
- Setting
- drought-prone arease7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e7“therefore, the use of Desi variety should be recommended under drought-prone areas with the addition of mixed emulsion of amino acids”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: photosynthesis · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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application · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
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See all 16 papers →drought · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
drought · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.