Abstract
The paramount objectives of this study were to analyze the beneficial role of the circadian clock in alleviating drought stress in an essential green leafy horticultural crop, spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and to attain knowledge on drought-stress adaptation for crop productivity. From dawn to dusk, a circadian core oscillator-based defense mechanism was noticed in relation to the strength of the chloroplast proteome and transcriptome, and the defense hormone fused it along with the molecular physiology using genotypes “Malav Jyoti” and “Delhi Green”. A photo-periodic rhythmicity containing a 4 h time interval (morning–evening loop) for 12 h in spinach was exhibited under drought-stressed (day-5) and drought re-irrigated (day-10) conditions. The circadian oscillator controlled 70% of the major part of growth and physiological measures such as the biomass, plant height, leaf-relative water content, and the shoot–root ratio under drought stress. Contrarily, drought stress resulted in the upregulation of antioxidative activities and stress markers, whereas it was diversified and maintained in the case of the re-irrigated state at certain rhythmic time intervals of the circadian clock. The physiological parameters we examined, such as net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and antioxidative enzymes, exhibited the role of the circadian clock in drought stress by showing 80–90% improvements found in plants when they were re-watered after drought stress based on their circadian oscillations. Based on the physiological results, 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. were disclosed to be the rhythmic times for controlling drought stress. Moreover, an extensive study on a gene expression analysis of circadian clock-based genes (CCA1, LHY, TOC1, PRR3, PRR5, PRR7, PRR9, and RVE8) and drought-responsive genes (DREB1, DREB2, and PIP1) depicted the necessity of a circadian oscillator in alleviating drought stress. Hence, the findings of our study allowed for an intense understanding of photo-periodic rhythms in terms of the morning–evening loop, which is in line with the survival rate of spinach plants and occurs by altering cellular ROS-scavenging mechanisms, chloroplast protein profiles, gene regulation, and metabolite concentrations.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
A dawn-to-dusk circadian defense mechanism was observed with chloroplast proteome and transcriptome changes.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Outcome
- circadian core oscillator-based defense mechanisme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From dawn to dusk, a circadian core oscillator-based defense mechanism was noticed in relation to the strength of the chloroplast proteome and transcriptome”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach displayed 4-hour rhythmicity across a 12-hour period in drought and re-irrigation conditions.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- photo-periodic rhythmicitye0
- Value
- 4 he0
- Qualifier
- drought-stressed (day-5) and drought re-irrigated (day-10) conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A photo-periodic rhythmicity containing a 4 h time interval (morning–evening loop) for 12 h in spinach was exhibited under drought-stressed (day-5) and drought re-irrigated (day-10) conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The circadian oscillator controlled 70% of growth and physiological measures under drought.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- growth and physiological measurese0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The circadian oscillator controlled 70% of the major part of growth and physiological measures such as the biomass, plant height, leaf-relative water content, and the shoot–root ratio under drought stress.”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought upregulated antioxidative activities and stress markers.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidative activities and stress markerse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress resulted in the upregulation of antioxidative activities and stress markers”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Re-irrigation maintained and diversified antioxidative activities and stress markers across circadian intervals.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- re-irrigated statee0
- Outcome
- antioxidative activities and stress markerse1
- Direction
- diversified and maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was diversified and maintained in the case of the re-irrigated state at certain rhythmic time intervals of the circadian clock”
e1“antioxidative activities and stress markers”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Re-watered plants showed 80–90% improvements in examined physiological parameters.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- re-watered after drought stresse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 80–90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and antioxidative enzymes, exhibited the role of the circadian clock in drought stress by showing 80–90% improvements found in plants when they were re-watered after drought stress based on their circadian oscillations”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
The study identified 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. as rhythmic times for drought control.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- rhythmic times for controlling drought stresse0
- Value
- 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10 a.m. and 2 p.m. were disclosed to be the rhythmic times for controlling drought stress”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Circadian and drought-responsive gene expression supported a role for the oscillator in drought alleviation.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Gene
- CCA1e0
- Outcome
- necessity of a circadian oscillator in alleviating drought stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gene expression analysis of circadian clock-based genes (CCA1, LHY, TOC1, PRR3, PRR5, PRR7, PRR9, and RVE8) and drought-responsive genes (DREB1, DREB2, and PIP1) depicted the necessity of a circadian oscillator in alleviating drought stress”
t0“Spinacia oleracea”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: photosynthesis · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.