Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination is a significant global environmental issue due to its toxic effects on plant and human health. However, the specific impacts of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) on plants, including the underlying molecular mechanisms, toxicity, uptake, and accumulation, remain poorly understood. This study explored the influence of CdS NPs on spinach plants by combining phenotypic and metabolomics analyses. Spinach plants were exposed to CdS NPs (0.005, 0.01, 0.2, 0.4, and 1 mg/L) and Cd ions (0.1 mg/L) through foliar and root for three weeks. Results indicated that root exposure had a more pronounced impact on biomass, plant height, leaf structure, and chlorophyll content than foliar exposure. Cd and CdS NPs uptake in root and shoot were confirmed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), respectively and/or jointly. Metabolomics analysis revealed that CdS NPs altered nitrogen metabolism, carbon metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, which are crucial for plant growth, development, and survival. These findings enhance comprehension of the intrinsic phenotypic and metabolic alterations induced by CdS NPs in spinach plants. • Hydroponic exposure induced more pronounced phenotypic responses. • Foliar exposure resulted in higher plant Cd content than root exposure. • TEM confirmed CdS NPs translocation between leaves and roots. • CdS NPS altered nitrogen metabolism, carbon metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. • The impacted metabolites were linked to growth, development, and survival.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Root exposure had a more pronounced impact on spinach biomass than foliar exposure.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- root exposuree0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Comparator
- foliar exposuree0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root exposure had a more pronounced impact on biomass, plant height, leaf structure, and chlorophyll content than foliar exposure”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exposure had a more pronounced impact on spinach plant height than foliar exposure.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- root exposuree0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Comparator
- foliar exposuree0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root exposure had a more pronounced impact on biomass, plant height, leaf structure, and chlorophyll content than foliar exposure”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exposure had a more pronounced impact on spinach leaf structure than foliar exposure.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- root exposuree0
- Outcome
- leaf structuree0
- Comparator
- foliar exposuree0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root exposure had a more pronounced impact on biomass, plant height, leaf structure, and chlorophyll content than foliar exposure”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exposure had a more pronounced impact on spinach chlorophyll content than foliar exposure.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- root exposuree0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Comparator
- foliar exposuree0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root exposure had a more pronounced impact on biomass, plant height, leaf structure, and chlorophyll content than foliar exposure”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd and CdS NPs uptake was confirmed in spinach roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote0
- Outcome
- Cd and CdS NPs uptake in root and shoote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd and CdS NPs uptake in root and shoot were confirmed”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar exposure yielded higher spinach Cd content than root exposure.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Foliar exposuree0
- Outcome
- plant Cd contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- root exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar exposure resulted in higher plant Cd content than root exposure”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TEM confirmed CdS NP translocation between spinach leaves and roots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse0
- Outcome
- CdS NPs translocation between leaves and rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TEM confirmed CdS NPs translocation between leaves and roots”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CdS NPs altered spinach nitrogen, carbon and tyrosine metabolism.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- CdS NPSe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen metabolism, carbon metabolism, and tyrosine metabolisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CdS NPS altered nitrogen metabolism, carbon metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CdS NPs altered isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- CdS NPse0
- Outcome
- isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CdS NPs altered nitrogen metabolism, carbon metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis”
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
The same questions in other papers
application · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
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- positive
- positive
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