Abstract
The aim of our study was to determine the effect of various nitrogen sources (NH4NO3 (N, 34%), Ca(NO3)2 (N, 15.5%; Ca, 18%), Mg(NO3)2 (N, 11%; Mg, 12%), NaNO3 (N, 15%; Na, 25%) and urea (N, 46%)) and increasing the intensity of N nutrition with these fertilisers (50, 70, and 90 mg N·dm−3) on the yield and quality of flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee). The plants were grown in two different soilless systems, namely pot cultivation (substrate system—mixture of peat and sand) and hydroponic cultivation. The quality of plants was expressed as macro- and microelement contents, pigment contents, antioxidant activity and phenolic content. It was observed that the yield of flowering Chinese cabbage was about 43–70% higher in the hydroponic system than in the substrate. The N source and N nutrition affected the yield volume. The highest mean yield was observed in pot cultivation after fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2 and in hydroponics with Ca(NO3)2. We found a rather high tolerance of flowering cabbage to sodium and an excessive content of ammonium in the nutrient solution. The nitrogen source and N doses modified plant contents of macro- and microelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and other quality parameters of plants. In pot cultivation, the highest element contents as well as the highest antioxidant activity were obtained after fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2 at N-70 and N-90. The highest pigment contents (chlorophylls and carotenoids) were obtained in the samples treated with urea at the N-90 dose. Those samples were also characterised by a high Mn content. Generally, the pigment content in the pot system positively correlated with the Mn content in leaves, the microelement which is involved in the process of photosynthesis, but it did not correlate with colour coordinates. In the hydroponic system, the highest pigment contents were observed in the samples treated with Mg(NO3)2 at the N-70 dose. Generally, in hydroponics, chlorophyll levels positively correlated with Ca levels in the aboveground parts of the plants. Additionally, the content of Chl b inversely correlated with L* and b* values. In hydroponic systems, the highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity was observed after treatment with NH4NO3 at the N-70 and N-90 doses and it did not correlate with phenolic content but rather with pigment content. In conclusion, both the intensity of N nutrition and the fertiliser applied can significantly modify the yield of plants and their quality parameters. For pot cultivation, the most effective fertiliser was Mg(NO3)2 at the N-70/N-90 doses, while for hydroponic cultivation, it is difficult to indicate the most effective fertiliser as the responses varied depending on the method of fertilisation.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic yield was about 43–70% higher than substrate yield.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0 - Treatment
- hydroponic systeme0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 43–70%e0
- Comparator
- substratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of flowering Chinese cabbage was about 43–70% higher in the hydroponic system than in the substrate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen source and nutrition affected yield.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- N source and N nutritione0
- Outcome
- yield volumee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N source and N nutrition affected the yield volume.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
In pots, Mg(NO3)2 produced the highest mean yield.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2e0
- Outcome
- mean yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- pot cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest mean yield was observed in pot cultivation after fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
In hydroponics, Ca(NO3)2 produced the highest mean yield.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- Ca(NO3)2e0
- Outcome
- mean yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- hydroponicse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in hydroponics with Ca(NO3)2.”
e1“The highest mean yield was observed in pot cultivation after fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2 and in hydroponics with Ca(NO3)2.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering cabbage showed high tolerance to sodium and excess ammonium in nutrient solution.
Verbatim
e0“a rather high tolerance of flowering cabbage to sodium and an excessive content of ammonium in the nutrient solution.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen source and dose modified macro- and microelement contents.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- nitrogen source and N dosese0
- Outcome
- plant contents of macro- and microelementse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nitrogen source and N doses modified plant contents of macro- and microelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu)”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen source and dose modified other quality parameters.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- nitrogen source and N dosese0
- Outcome
- other quality parameters of plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nitrogen source and N doses modified plant contents of macro- and microelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and other quality parameters of plants.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Mg(NO3)2 at N-70 and N-90 gave the highest element contents in pots.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2 at N-70 and N-90e0
- Outcome
- element contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- pot cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In pot cultivation, the highest element contents as well as the highest antioxidant activity were obtained after fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2 at N-70 and N-90.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Mg(NO3)2 at N-70 and N-90 gave the highest antioxidant activity in pots.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2 at N-70 and N-90e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- pot cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In pot cultivation, the highest element contents as well as the highest antioxidant activity were obtained after fertilisation with Mg(NO3)2 at N-70 and N-90.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea at N-90 gave the highest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- urea at the N-90 dosee0
- Outcome
- pigment contents (chlorophylls and carotenoids)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest pigment contents (chlorophylls and carotenoids) were obtained in the samples treated with urea at the N-90 dose.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The urea N-90 samples had high Mn content.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- urea at the N-90 dosee1
- Outcome
- high Mn contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Those samples were also characterised by a high Mn content.”
e1“samples treated with urea at the N-90 dose”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Pot pigment content correlated positively with leaf Mn content.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Compound
- Mne0
- Outcome
- pigment contente0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Setting
- pot systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pigment content in the pot system positively correlated with the Mn content in leaves”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Pot pigment content did not correlate with color coordinates.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- colour coordinatese0
- Direction
- did not correlatee0
- Setting
- pot systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it did not correlate with colour coordinates.”
e1“pigment content in the pot system positively correlated with the Mn content in leaves, the microelement which is involved in the process of photosynthesis, but it did not correlate with colour coordinates.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
In hydroponics, Mg(NO3)2 at N-70 produced the highest pigment contents.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- Mg(NO3)2 at the N-70 dosee0
- Outcome
- pigment contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- hydroponic systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the hydroponic system, the highest pigment contents were observed in the samples treated with Mg(NO3)2 at the N-70 dose.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic chlorophyll levels correlated positively with Ca levels in aboveground plant parts.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Organ / stage
- aboveground partse0
- Compound
- Cae0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll levelse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Setting
- hydroponicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in hydroponics, chlorophyll levels positively correlated with Ca levels in the aboveground parts of the plants.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic Chl b content inversely correlated with L* and b* values.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- content of Chl be0
- Direction
- inversely correlatede0
- Comparator
- L* and b* valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of Chl b inversely correlated with L* and b* values.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic NH4NO3 at N-70 and N-90 gave the highest DPPH activity.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- NH4NO3 at the N-70 and N-90 dosese0
- Outcome
- DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- hydroponic systemse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In hydroponic systems, the highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity was observed after treatment with NH4NO3 at the N-70 and N-90 doses”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic DPPH activity did not correlate with phenolic content.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- phenolic contente0
- Direction
- did not correlatee0
- Setting
- hydroponic systemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it did not correlate with phenolic content”
e1“In hydroponic systems, the highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity was observed after treatment with NH4NO3 at the N-70 and N-90 doses and it did not correlate with phenolic content but rather with pigment content.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroponic DPPH activity correlated with pigment content.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- pigment contente0
- Setting
- hydroponic systemse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it did not correlate with phenolic content but rather with pigment content.”
e1“In hydroponic systems, the highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity was observed after treatment with NH4NO3 at the N-70 and N-90 doses and it did not correlate with phenolic content but rather with pigment content.”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify Mg(NO3)2 at N-70/N-90 as the most effective fertilizer for pot cultivation.
- Taxon
- flowering Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- Mg(NO3)2 at the N-70/N-90 dosese0
- Outcome
- most effective fertilisere0
- Setting
- pot cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For pot cultivation, the most effective fertiliser was Mg(NO3)2 at the N-70/N-90 doses”
t0“Flowering Chinese Cabbage”
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