Abstract
In this study, a typical apple–soybean intercropping system was used to analyze the effects of different soil water and heat regulation modes on the spatial distribution of the soil water content (SWC), photosynthetic physiological characteristics, and growth. Three maximum irrigation levels [50% (W1), 65% (W2), and 80% (W3) of field capacity (FC)] and two mulching intervals [from seedling to podding stage (M1) and during the full stage (M2) of soybeans] were tested. The results showed that the SWC of W3M2 was the highest, while the W2M1 and W1M2 treatments used more deep soil water. Irrigation increased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate of leaves in the agroforestry system. In addition, the net photosynthetic rate of leaves under the W2 irrigation level increased after mulch removal in the later growth stage. At W1 and W2 irrigation levels, the soybean yield of half-stage mulching was 0.85–15.49% higher than that of full-stage mulching. Multiple regression analysis showed that grain yield under the W3M2 treatment reached the maximum value of the fitting equation. The photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and grain yield under W2M1 reached 71–86% of the maximum value of the fitting equation, with the largest soil plant analysis development value. To effectively alleviate water competition in the apple–soybean intercropping system, our results suggest adoption of the 80% FC upper irrigation limit (W3) combined with soybean M2 treatment in young apple trees–soybean intercropping system during water abundant years. In addition, adoption of the 65% FC upper irrigation limit (W2) combined with the soybean M1 treatment in water deficit years could effectively improve soil water, heat environment, and promote growth.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
W3M2 had the highest soil water content.
- Taxon
- apple–soybean
Malus domestica
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- W3M2e0
- Outcome
- SWCe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the SWC of W3M2 was the highest”
t0“Apple–Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
W2M1 and W1M2 used more deep soil water.
- Taxon
- apple–soybeanMalus domesticaGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- W2M1 and W1M2e0
- Outcome
- deep soil watere0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the W2M1 and W1M2 treatments used more deep soil water”
t0“Apple–Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis and transpiration.
- Taxon
- apple–soybeanMalus domesticaGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, and transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, and transpiration rate of leaves in the agroforestry system.”
t0“Apple–Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At W2 irrigation, leaf net photosynthetic rate increased after mulch removal.
- Taxon
- apple–soybeanMalus domesticaGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- mulch removale0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- W2 irrigation levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the net photosynthetic rate of leaves under the W2 irrigation level increased after mulch removal in the later growth stage”
t0“Apple–Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At W1 and W2, half-stage mulching increased soybean yield by 0.85–15.49% over full-stage mulching.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- half-stage mulchinge0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.85–15.49%e0
- Qualifier
- W1 and W2 irrigation levelse0
- Comparator
- full-stage mulchinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At W1 and W2 irrigation levels, the soybean yield of half-stage mulching was 0.85–15.49% higher than that of full-stage mulching.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fitted grain yield was maximal under W3M2.
- Taxon
- apple–soybeanMalus domesticaGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- W3M2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield under the W3M2 treatment reached the maximum value of the fitting equation”
t0“Apple–Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Under W2M1, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and grain yield reached 71–86% of fitted maximum.
- Taxon
- apple–soybeanMalus domesticaGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- W2M1e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and grain yielde0
- Value
- 71–86%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and grain yield under W2M1 reached 71–86% of the maximum value of the fitting equation”
t0“Apple–Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest W3 irrigation with soybean M2 in water-abundant years.
- Taxon
- apple trees–soybeanMalus domesticaGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- adoption of the 80% FC upper irrigation limit (W3) combined with soybean M2 treatmente0
- Qualifier
- water abundant yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“our results suggest adoption of the 80% FC upper irrigation limit (W3) combined with soybean M2 treatment in young apple trees–soybean intercropping system during water abundant years”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest W2 irrigation with soybean M1 in water-deficit years.
- Taxon
- apple–soybeanMalus domesticaGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- adoption of the 65% FC upper irrigation limit (W2) combined with the soybean M1 treatmente0
- Qualifier
- water deficit yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adoption of the 65% FC upper irrigation limit (W2) combined with the soybean M1 treatment in water deficit years could effectively improve soil water, heat environment, and promote growth”
t0“Apple–Soybean”
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