Abstract
Replicated studies were conducted from 1996 to 1999 to evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple ( Malus × domestica ) cultivars that often develop poor to marginal color in the mid-Atlantic growing region. Film was applied to the orchard floor in the middle between tree rows or under the tree beginning 5 to 7 weeks before the predicted maturity date. Light reflected into the canopy from the RF was measured and compared with a standard orchard sod, a killed sod or various polyethylene films. Fruit color was estimated visually and with a hand-held spectrophotometer. Fruit quality (firmness, soluble solids, starch index) was determined from a representative sample of fruit. RF increased the level of photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ) reflected into the canopy resulting in darker, redder colored `Delicious', `Empire', and `Fuji' apples with a greater proportion of surface showing red color. RF increased canopy temperature and fruit surface temperature. A white polyethylene film increased reflected PPF and fruit color, but generally not to the extent of the metalized RF. Large [>13 ft (4.0 m) height] well-pruned `Delicious' trees showed increased fruit color, especially when the RF was placed under the canopy, but `Empire' trees of similar size and a more dense canopy showed no effect. The effect of the RF was most pronounced in the lower portion [up to 8 ft (2.4 m) height] of the canopy. A high-density RF was as effective as a low-density RF and the high-density film was about 60% less expensive. A high-density RF may be a cost effective method to enhance red color on selected apple cultivars in the mid-Atlantic region. Comparisons between ethephon and the RF were variable: ethephon appeared to have more effect on color in `Empire' than the RF, but less effect than the RF on `Hardibrite Delicious'. Ethephon consistently advanced fruit maturity. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective film increased the photosynthetic photon flux reflected into the apple canopy compared with a standard orchard sod.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- RFe1
- Outcome
- level of photosynthetic photon fluxe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- a standard orchard sode2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e1“RF increased the level of photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ) reflected into the canopy”
e2“compared with a standard orchard sod, a killed sod or various polyethylene films”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective film gave a greater proportion of red-coloured surface on Delicious apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Deliciouse3
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- surface showing red colore3
- Direction
- greater proportione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e3“resulting in darker, redder colored `Delicious', `Empire', and `Fuji' apples with a greater proportion of surface showing red color”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective film gave a greater proportion of red-coloured surface on Empire apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Empiree3
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- surface showing red colore3
- Direction
- greater proportione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e3“resulting in darker, redder colored `Delicious', `Empire', and `Fuji' apples with a greater proportion of surface showing red color”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective film gave a greater proportion of red-coloured surface on Fuji apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Fujie3
- Treatment
- RFe0
- Outcome
- surface showing red colore3
- Direction
- greater proportione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e3“resulting in darker, redder colored `Delicious', `Empire', and `Fuji' apples with a greater proportion of surface showing red color”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective film increased canopy temperature and fruit surface temperature in apple trees.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- RFe5
- Outcome
- canopy temperature and fruit surface temperaturee5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e5“RF increased canopy temperature and fruit surface temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
A white polyethylene film increased reflected PPF and fruit colour, but generally less than the metalized reflective film.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- white polyethylene filme6
- Outcome
- reflected PPF and fruit colore6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- generally not to the extent of the metalized RFe6
- Comparator
- metalized RFe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e6“A white polyethylene film increased reflected PPF and fruit color, but generally not to the extent of the metalized RF”
Claim · model-written summary
Large, well-pruned Delicious trees showed increased fruit colour when reflective film was placed under the canopy.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- RF was placed under the canopye7
- Outcome
- fruit colore7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- well-prunede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e7“Large [>13 ft (4.0 m) height] well-pruned `Delicious' trees showed increased fruit color, especially when the RF was placed under the canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Empire trees of similar size and a denser canopy showed no reflective film effect.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e1“but `Empire' trees of similar size and a more dense canopy showed no effect”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of reflective film was most pronounced in the lower canopy portion, up to 8 ft (2.4 m) height.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- lower portione1
- Treatment
- RFe1
- Outcome
- effecte1
- Direction
- most pronouncede1
- Qualifier
- up to 8 ft (2.4 m) heighte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e1“The effect of the RF was most pronounced in the lower portion [up to 8 ft (2.4 m) height] of the canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
The high-density reflective film was about 60% less expensive.
Verbatim
e0“was about 60% less expensive”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon had a greater effect on colour than reflective film in Empire apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Empiree1
- Treatment
- ethephone1
- Outcome
- effect on colore1
- Direction
- more effecte1
- Comparator
- the RFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e1“ethephon appeared to have more effect on color in `Empire' than the RF, but less effect than the RF on `Hardibrite Delicious'”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon had a smaller effect on colour than reflective film in Hardibrite Delicious apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Hardibrite Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- ethephone1
- Outcome
- effect on colore1
- Direction
- less effecte1
- Comparator
- the RFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e1“ethephon appeared to have more effect on color in `Empire' than the RF, but less effect than the RF on `Hardibrite Delicious'”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon consistently advanced fruit maturity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Ethephone1
- Outcome
- fruit maturitye1
- Direction
- advancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evaluate the effect of a metalized reflective film (RF) on red color development in several apple”
e1“Ethephon consistently advanced fruit maturity”
The same questions in other papers
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · quality: postharvest · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →mulching · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.