Abstract
The main approach to control stressed crops is using plant biostimulants, such as diluted lemon fruit juice (DLFJ) and bee honey (DBH), which promote plant growth and physiology. This study investigated the potential promotive effects of soaking Glycine max seeds in DLFJ or DBH under normal conditions (NCs) or salt stress conditions (SSCs) on seed germination percentage (GP), seedling growth, and physiology. The result indicated that the ideal requirement for seed soaking was to soak the seeds for 8 h in 4% DLFJ or 6% DBH to obtain optimal results, with 6% DBH outperforming 4% DLFJ. The SSCs (irrigation with saline water; EC = 8.60 dS m–1) markedly reduced seed PG, seedling fresh and dry weights, root activity, photosynthetic efficiency (total chlorophyll content, PSII Fv/Fm, PSII PIABS), relative water content, and membrane stability index compared with the NCs (irrigation with normal water; EC = 1.60 dS m–1). When soybean seedlings were irrigated with normal water or saline water, soaking seeds in 4% DLFJ or 6% DBH significantly increased the above parameters compared to controls (soaking seeds in distilled water). The responses of the above parameters were generally more pronounced under SSCs than under NCs and were typically more pronounced with 6% DBH treatment than with 4% DLFJ treatment. In conclusion, 6% DBH is a natural multi-biostimulator that is significantly better than DLFJ in reducing the effects of salt stress on G. max seedlings.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Six percent honey outperformed four percent lemon juice for the tested seedling outcomes.
- Taxon
- Glycine max seedlings
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- 6% DBHe0
- Outcome
- optimal resultse0
- Direction
- outperforminge0
- Qualifier
- 8 he0
- Comparator
- 4% DLFJe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max seedlings”
e0“soak the seeds for 8 h in 4% DLFJ or 6% DBH to obtain optimal results, with 6% DBH outperforming 4% DLFJ”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation reduced germination, seedling weights and root activity relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Glycine max seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- irrigation with saline watere0
- Outcome
- seed PG, seedling fresh and dry weights, root activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- irrigation with normal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max seedlings”
e0“The SSCs (irrigation with saline water; EC = 8.60 dS m–1) markedly reduced seed PG, seedling fresh and dry weights, root activity, photosynthetic efficiency (total chlorophyll content, PSII Fv/Fm, PSII PIABS), relative water content, and membrane stability index compared with the NCs (irrigation with normal water; EC = 1.60 dS m–1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation reduced photosynthetic efficiency, water content and membrane stability.
- Taxon
- Glycine max seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- irrigation with saline watere0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiency (total chlorophyll content, PSII Fv/Fm, PSII PIABS), relative water content, and membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- irrigation with normal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max seedlings”
e0“The SSCs (irrigation with saline water; EC = 8.60 dS m–1) markedly reduced seed PG, seedling fresh and dry weights, root activity, photosynthetic efficiency (total chlorophyll content, PSII Fv/Fm, PSII PIABS), relative water content, and membrane stability index compared with the NCs (irrigation with normal water; EC = 1.60 dS m–1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent diluted lemon juice increased the measured germination, growth and physiology parameters versus water soaking.
- Taxon
- Glycine max seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 4% DLFJe0
- Outcome
- above parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- soaking seeds in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max seedlings”
e0“soaking seeds in 4% DLFJ or 6% DBH significantly increased the above parameters compared to controls (soaking seeds in distilled water)”
Claim · model-written summary
Six percent diluted bee honey increased the measured germination, growth and physiology parameters versus water soaking.
- Taxon
- Glycine max seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 6% DBHe0
- Outcome
- above parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- soaking seeds in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max seedlings”
e0“soaking seeds in 4% DLFJ or 6% DBH significantly increased the above parameters compared to controls (soaking seeds in distilled water)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant responses were generally stronger under saline than normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Glycine max seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SSCse0
- Outcome
- responses of the above parameterse0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- NCse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max seedlings”
e0“The responses of the above parameters were generally more pronounced under SSCs than under NCs”
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