Abstract
Intensive rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems in south Asia provide much of the calorie and protein requirements of low to middle-income rural and urban populations. Intensive tillage practices demand more resources, damage soil quality, and reduce crop yields and profit margins. Crop diversification along with conservation agriculture (CA)-based management practices may reduce external input use, improve resource-use efficiency, and increase the productivity and profitability of intensive cropping systems. A field study was conducted on loamy soil in a sub-tropical climate in northern Bangladesh to evaluate the effects of three tillage options and six rice-based cropping sequences on grain, calorie, and protein yields and gross margins (GM) for different crops and cropping sequences. The three tillage options were: (1) conservation agriculture (CA) with all crops in sequences untilled, (2) alternating tillage (AT) with the monsoon season rice crop tilled but winter season crops untilled, and (3) conventional tillage (CT) with all crops in sequences tilled. The six cropping sequences were: rice-rice (R-R), rice-mung bean (Vigna radiata) (R-MB), rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum) (R-W), rice-maize (Zea mays) (R-M), rice-wheat-mung bean (R-W-MB), and rice-maize-mung bean (R-M-MB). Over three years of experimentation, the average monsoon rice yield was 8% lower for CA than CT, but the average winter crops yield was 13% higher for CA than CT. Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT; additionally, AT added approximately 1% more to these benefits. The systems productivity gain under CA and AT resulted in higher GM by 16% while reducing the labor and total production cost under CA than CT. The R-M rotation had higher SREY, calorie, protein yields, and GM by 24%, 26%, 66%, and 148%, respectively, than the predominantly practiced R-R rotation. The R-W-MB rotation had the highest SREY (30%) and second highest (118%) GM. Considering the combined effect of tillage and cropping system, CA with R-M rotation showed superior performance in terms of SREY, protein yield, and GM. The distribution of labor use and GM across rotations was grouped into four categories: R-W in low-low (low labor use and low GM), R-M in low-high (low labor use and high GM), R-W-MB and R-M-MB in high-high (high labor use and high GM) and R-R and R-MB in high-low (high labor use and low GM). In conclusion, CA performed better than CT in different winter crops and cropping systems but not in monsoon rice. Our results demonstrate the multiple benefits of partial and full CA-based tillage practices employed with appropriate crop diversification to achieve sustainable food security with greater calorie and protein intake while maximizing farm profitability of intensive rice-based rotational systems.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Over three years, monsoon rice yield was 8% lower under conservation agriculture than under conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- CAe1
- Outcome
- monsoon rice yielde1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 8%e1
- Comparator
- CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Over three years of experimentation, the average monsoon rice yield was 8% lower for CA than CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Average winter crops yield was 13% higher under conservation agriculture than under conventional tillage.
Verbatim
e2“the average winter crops yield was 13% higher for CA than CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) was about 5% higher under CA than CT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- CAe3
- Outcome
- Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY)e3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 5%e3
- Comparator
- CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Systems calorie yield was about 3% higher under CA than CT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Systems protein yield was about 6% higher under CA than CT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating tillage added approximately 1% more to the SREY, calorie and protein benefits compared with conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- ATe4
- Outcome
- benefitse4
- Direction
- addede4
- Value
- approximately 1%e4
- Comparator
- CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e4“additionally, AT added approximately 1% more to these benefits”
Claim · model-written summary
Gross margin was 16% higher under CA and AT than under CT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e5“The systems productivity gain under CA and AT resulted in higher GM by 16% while reducing the labor and total production cost under CA than CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Labor and total production cost were reduced under CA compared with CT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- CAe5
- Outcome
- labor and total production coste5
- Direction
- reducinge5
- Comparator
- CTe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e5“The systems productivity gain under CA and AT resulted in higher GM by 16% while reducing the labor and total production cost under CA than CT”
Claim · model-written summary
The R-M rotation had 24% higher SREY than the predominantly practiced R-R rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- R-M rotatione6
- Outcome
- SREYe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 24%e6
- Comparator
- R-R rotatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e6“The R-M rotation had higher SREY, calorie, protein yields, and GM by 24%, 26%, 66%, and 148%, respectively, than the predominantly practiced R-R rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
The R-M rotation had 26% higher calorie yield than the R-R rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- R-M rotatione6
- Outcome
- caloriee6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 26%e6
- Comparator
- R-R rotatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e6“The R-M rotation had higher SREY, calorie, protein yields, and GM by 24%, 26%, 66%, and 148%, respectively, than the predominantly practiced R-R rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
The R-M rotation had 66% higher protein yield than the R-R rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- R-M rotatione6
- Outcome
- proteine6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 66%e6
- Comparator
- R-R rotatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e6“The R-M rotation had higher SREY, calorie, protein yields, and GM by 24%, 26%, 66%, and 148%, respectively, than the predominantly practiced R-R rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
The R-M rotation had 148% higher gross margin than the R-R rotation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- R-M rotatione6
- Outcome
- GMe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 148%e6
- Comparator
- R-R rotatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e6“The R-M rotation had higher SREY, calorie, protein yields, and GM by 24%, 26%, 66%, and 148%, respectively, than the predominantly practiced R-R rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
The R-W-MB rotation had the highest SREY, 30%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e7“The R-W-MB rotation had the highest SREY (30%) and second highest (118%) GM”
Claim · model-written summary
The R-W-MB rotation had the second highest gross margin, 118% higher.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e7“The R-W-MB rotation had the highest SREY (30%) and second highest (118%) GM”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined tillage and cropping system, CA with R-M rotation showed superior SREY, protein yield and gross margin.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- CA with R-M rotatione0
- Outcome
- SREY, protein yield, and GMe0
- Direction
- superiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e0“CA with R-M rotation showed superior performance in terms of SREY, protein yield, and GM”
Claim · model-written summary
Labor use and gross margin across rotations were grouped into four categories.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Outcome
- distribution of labor use and GM across rotationse6
- Qualifier
- four categoriese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e6“The distribution of labor use and GM across rotations was grouped into four categories”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend partial and full CA-based tillage with appropriate crop diversification for multiple benefits in rice-based rotations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Outcome
- partial and full CA-based tillage practices employed with appropriate crop diversificatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT”
e7“the multiple benefits of partial and full CA-based tillage practices employed with appropriate crop diversification”
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