Abstract
Ultrasound effectively inhibited strawberry softening but the mechanism was not clear. In this study, physical data including firmness, soluble pectin (SP) contents, pectin esterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG) activity and transcriptome sequencing data were analyzed to explore the mechanism of strawberry response to ultrasonic treatment. After 24 days storage, the firmness reduction rate and soluble contents (SP) increased rate of the strawberry treated with ultrasound (25 kHz, 0.15 W/cm 2 ) for 3 min decreased 41.70 and 63.12% compared with the control, respectively. While the PG and PE enzyme activities of ultrasound-treated strawberries were significantly lower than control after storage for 18 days. A total of 1,905 diferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between ultrasound-treated and control, with 714 genes upregulated and 1,254 genes downregulated, including 56 genes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), auxin (AUX), ethylene (ETH) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. At 0 h, 15 genes including LOX, JMT, ARP, SKP, SAUR, IAA, ARF , and LAX were significantly upregulated compared with the control group, which means reactive oxygen specie, auxin, ethylene and jasmonic acid-mediated signaling pathway respond to ultrasound immediately. ERF109, ERF110 , and ACS1_2_6 downregulated before 2 days storage indicated ethylene signaling pathway was inhibited, while after 2 days, 9 genes including ERF027, ERF109 , and ERF110 were significantly upregulated indicating that the response of the ethylene signaling pathway was lagging. Therefore, in strawberry ultrasound enhanced ROS scavenging and activated JA biosynthesis, which acts as a signal for delaying the activation of ET signaling pathway, thus suppressing the activity of pectin-degrading enzymes PE and PG, and ultimately inhibiting postharvest softening.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound reduced the firmness reduction rate by 41.70 after 24 days.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- ultrasound (25 kHz, 0.15 W/cm 2 ) for 3 mine0
- Outcome
- firmness reduction ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 41.70e0
- Qualifier
- After 24 days storagee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“After 24 days storage, the firmness reduction rate and soluble contents (SP) increased rate of the strawberry treated with ultrasound (25 kHz, 0.15 W/cm 2 ) for 3 min decreased 41.70 and 63.12% compared with the control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound reduced the SP increase rate by 63.12% after 24 days.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ultrasound (25 kHz, 0.15 W/cm 2 ) for 3 mine0
- Outcome
- soluble contents (SP) increased ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 63.12%e0
- Qualifier
- After 24 days storagee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 24 days storage, the firmness reduction rate and soluble contents (SP) increased rate of the strawberry treated with ultrasound (25 kHz, 0.15 W/cm 2 ) for 3 min decreased 41.70 and 63.12% compared with the control, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
PG and PE activities were significantly lower after ultrasound and 18 days storage.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ultrasound-treatede0
- Outcome
- PG and PE enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- after storage for 18 dayse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While the PG and PE enzyme activities of ultrasound-treated strawberries were significantly lower than control after storage for 18 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
There were 1,905 differentially expressed genes between ultrasound and control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- diferentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Value
- 1,905e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 1,905 diferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between ultrasound-treated and control, with 714 genes upregulated and 1,254 genes downregulated, including 56 genes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), auxin (AUX), ethylene (ETH) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound upregulated 714 genes.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ultrasound-treatede0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 714e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 1,905 diferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between ultrasound-treated and control, with 714 genes upregulated and 1,254 genes downregulated, including 56 genes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), auxin (AUX), ethylene (ETH) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound downregulated 1,254 genes.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ultrasound-treatede0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
- Value
- 1,254e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 1,905 diferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between ultrasound-treated and control, with 714 genes upregulated and 1,254 genes downregulated, including 56 genes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), auxin (AUX), ethylene (ETH) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed genes included 56 in ROS, auxin, ethylene and JA pathways.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Value
- 56e0
- Qualifier
- reactive oxygen species (ROS), auxin (AUX), ethylene (ETH) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathwayse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including 56 genes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), auxin (AUX), ethylene (ETH) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At zero hours 15 genes were significantly upregulated by ultrasound.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ultrasounde1
- Gene
- LOX, JMT, ARP, SKP, SAUR, IAA, ARF , and LAXe0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 15e0
- Qualifier
- At 0 he0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 0 h, 15 genes including LOX, JMT, ARP, SKP, SAUR, IAA, ARF , and LAX were significantly upregulated compared with the control group”
t0“strawberry”
e1“respond to ultrasound immediately”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer immediate signaling responses to ultrasound.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ultrasounde0
- Outcome
- signaling pathway responde0
- Qualifier
- immediatelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which means reactive oxygen specie, auxin, ethylene and jasmonic acid-mediated signaling pathway respond to ultrasound immediately.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
ERF109, ERF110 and ACS1_2_6 were downregulated before two days, indicating ethylene pathway inhibition.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ultrasound-treatede1
- Outcome
- ERF109, ERF110 , and ACS1_2_6e0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
- Qualifier
- before 2 days storagee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ERF109, ERF110 , and ACS1_2_6 downregulated before 2 days storage indicated ethylene signaling pathway was inhibited”
t0“strawberry”
e1“ultrasound-treated and control”
Claim · model-written summary
After two days nine ethylene genes were significantly upregulated, indicating a lagging response.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ultrasound-treatede1
- Gene
- ERF027, ERF109 , and ERF110e0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 9e0
- Qualifier
- after 2 dayse0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while after 2 days, 9 genes including ERF027, ERF109 , and ERF110 were significantly upregulated indicating that the response of the ethylene signaling pathway was lagging.”
t0“strawberry”
e1“ultrasound-treated and control”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose ultrasound enhances ROS scavenging and JA biosynthesis to delay ET signaling, suppress pectin enzymes and inhibit softening.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ultrasounde0
- Outcome
- inhibiting postharvest softeninge0
- Qualifier
- enhanced ROS scavenging and activated JA biosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, in strawberry ultrasound enhanced ROS scavenging and activated JA biosynthesis, which acts as a signal for delaying the activation of ET signaling pathway, thus suppressing the activity of pectin-degrading enzymes PE and PG, and ultimately inhibiting postharvest softening.”
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