Abstract
Short-term exposure to low temperatures can lower pollen viability and germination in strawberry. Fruit malformation was found to be negatively correlated with pollen germination. Ultrastructural analysis was performed at various developmental stages of anthers and pollen grains of the strawberry upon exposure to short-term low temperature (STLT). ‘Maehyang’ strawberry was exposed to 2 oC from 6 pm to 9 am for 3 days during different flower developments before anthesis, whereas the plants in control remained in the greenhouse. The epidermis did not develop well and was deformed after STLT. The epidermis showed a significantly lower cell expansion index in the short-term low-temperature treatment than in control at the vacuolated microspore, bicellular pollen, and mature pollen stages, indicating significant deformation of the epidermal cells by low temperature. The projected area of starch was significantly greater in STLT treatment than in control at the mature pollen stage. The relative fluorescence intensity of anthers was significantly higher in STLT treatment than in control at the sporogenous cell and microspore mother cell stages, indicating that low temperature substantially inhibited anther development at early stages. The results showed that STLT stress caused abnormal development of the ultrastructure of the anther wall and pollen grains, along with starch over-accumulation during pollen development. These abnormal developments may lead to poor pollen germination and thus cause fruit malformation in strawberry.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit malformation correlated negatively with pollen germination.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae1 - Organ / stage
- pollene0
- Outcome
- Fruit malformatione0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fruit malformation was found to be negatively correlated with pollen germination.”
e1“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure deformed the epidermis.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- STLTe0
- Outcome
- epidermis did not develop well and was deformede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The epidermis did not develop well and was deformed after STLT.”
e1“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure significantly lowered epidermal cell expansion index at three pollen stages.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Organ / stage
- vacuolated microspore, bicellular pollen, and mature pollen stagese0
- Treatment
- short-term low-temperature treatmente0
- Outcome
- cell expansion indexe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The epidermis showed a significantly lower cell expansion index in the short-term low-temperature treatment than in control at the vacuolated microspore, bicellular pollen, and mature pollen stages”
e1“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure increased projected starch area in mature pollen.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Organ / stage
- mature pollen stagee0
- Treatment
- STLT treatmente0
- Outcome
- projected area of starche0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The projected area of starch was significantly greater in STLT treatment than in control at the mature pollen stage.”
e1“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure increased relative anther fluorescence at early stages.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Organ / stage
- sporogenous cell and microspore mother cell stagese0
- Treatment
- STLT treatmente0
- Outcome
- relative fluorescence intensity of antherse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative fluorescence intensity of anthers was significantly higher in STLT treatment than in control at the sporogenous cell and microspore mother cell stages”
e1“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure caused abnormal anther wall and pollen ultrastructure.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- STLT stresse0
- Outcome
- abnormal development of the ultrastructure of the anther wall and pollen grainse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STLT stress caused abnormal development of the ultrastructure of the anther wall and pollen grains”
e1“strawberry”
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