Abstract
Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety. The purposes of this study were to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of alkaline functional fertilizer (AFF) on soil acid, available cadmium (Cd) and its and accumulation in rice through three field experiments in Hunan province with different soil type by use of conventional fertilizer as control. Results showed that soil pH value was increased with the amount of the AFF, the maximum increment of the pH was 1.65 units. Soil available Cd was reduced with increase of the AFF and soil pH value, and it decreased by 12 %, 38 % and 44 % in the three sites, respectively. The rice yield was related to the original or basal soil pH and available cadmium content. The yield increased by 4–16 %, 12–27 % and 9–24 %, respectively. Cd content of root, stem, leaf and polished rice reduced by 78.75 %, 88.05 %, 84.05 % and 80.38 % by use of the AFF in the three sites, respectively. The Cd content of polished rice would be declined below the allowable limit of food safety standard in China (0.2 mg·kg−1). The Cd enrichment coefficient (ERC) was in the order of root > stem > leaf > polished rice. The results of index of transport coefficient (TC) showed that Cd in polished rice mainly came from stem and leaf. The Cd content in the leaf and stem should be reduced first to reduce the Cd content of polished rice. The mechanism of the AFF reducing Cd uptake and accumulation lies in the fertilizer neutralizing both active and potential soil acid by slow release of OH–. The fertilizer was capable to increase soil cation exchange capacity and passivate Cd to reduce its bio-availability. Development and promotion of the AFF are significance to decline Cd transport in the soil–plant ecosystem and ensure food safety. The recommended economic fertilization rate of the AFF is 3000 to 4500 kg/ha.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
The alkaline functional fertilizer increased soil pH, by up to 1.65 units, compared with conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- AFFe1
- Outcome
- soil pH valuee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 1.65 unitse1
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizere2
- Setting
- Hunan provincee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e1“Results showed that soil pH value was increased with the amount of the AFF, the maximum increment of the pH was 1.65 units”
e2“by use of conventional fertilizer as control”
e3“three field experiments in Hunan province with different soil type”
Claim · model-written summary
The alkaline functional fertilizer decreased soil available Cd by 12 %, 38 % and 44 % in the three sites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AFFe4
- Outcome
- Soil available Cde4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 12 %, 38 % and 44 %e4
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizere2
- Setting
- three sitese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e2“by use of conventional fertilizer as control”
e4“Soil available Cd was reduced with increase of the AFF and soil pH value, and it decreased by 12 %, 38 % and 44 % in the three sites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The alkaline functional fertilizer increased rice yield by 4–16 %, 12–27 % and 9–24 % across the three sites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AFFe1
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 4–16 %, 12–27 % and 9–24 %e6
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e1“Results showed that soil pH value was increased with the amount of the AFF, the maximum increment of the pH was 1.65 units”
e2“by use of conventional fertilizer as control”
e6“The yield increased by 4–16 %, 12–27 % and 9–24 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The alkaline functional fertilizer reduced Cd content of rice root by 78.75 % in the three sites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- roote5
- Treatment
- AFFe5
- Outcome
- Cd contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 78.75 %e5
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizere2
- Setting
- three sitese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e2“by use of conventional fertilizer as control”
e5“Cd content of root, stem, leaf and polished rice reduced by 78.75 %, 88.05 %, 84.05 % and 80.38 % by use of the AFF in the three sites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The alkaline functional fertilizer reduced Cd content of rice stem by 88.05 % in the three sites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- steme5
- Treatment
- AFFe5
- Outcome
- Cd contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 88.05 %e5
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizere2
- Setting
- three sitese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e2“by use of conventional fertilizer as control”
e5“Cd content of root, stem, leaf and polished rice reduced by 78.75 %, 88.05 %, 84.05 % and 80.38 % by use of the AFF in the three sites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The alkaline functional fertilizer reduced Cd content of rice leaf by 84.05 % in the three sites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe5
- Treatment
- AFFe5
- Outcome
- Cd contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 84.05 %e5
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizere2
- Setting
- three sitese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e2“by use of conventional fertilizer as control”
e5“Cd content of root, stem, leaf and polished rice reduced by 78.75 %, 88.05 %, 84.05 % and 80.38 % by use of the AFF in the three sites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The alkaline functional fertilizer reduced Cd content of polished rice by 80.38 % in the three sites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- polished ricee5
- Treatment
- AFFe5
- Outcome
- Cd contente5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 80.38 %e5
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizere2
- Setting
- three sitese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e2“by use of conventional fertilizer as control”
e5“Cd content of root, stem, leaf and polished rice reduced by 78.75 %, 88.05 %, 84.05 % and 80.38 % by use of the AFF in the three sites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Polished rice Cd content would fall below the China food safety limit of 0.2 mg·kg−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Cd content of polished ricee7
- Direction
- declined belowe7
- Value
- 0.2 mg·kg−1e7
- Comparator
- allowable limit of food safety standard in Chinae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e7“The Cd content of polished rice would be declined below the allowable limit of food safety standard in China (0.2 mg·kg−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd enrichment coefficient was highest in root and lowest in polished rice (root > stem > leaf > polished rice).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- root > stem > leaf > polished ricee1
- Outcome
- Cd enrichment coefficient (ERC)e1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e1“The Cd enrichment coefficient (ERC) was in the order of root > stem > leaf > polished rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd in polished rice mainly came from stem and leaf.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- stem and leafe3
- Outcome
- Cd in polished ricee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e3“Cd in polished rice mainly came from stem and leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd content of leaf and stem should be reduced first to lower Cd in polished rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Cd content in the leaf and steme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e2“The Cd content in the leaf and stem should be reduced first to reduce the Cd content of polished rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The alkaline functional fertilizer is thought to reduce Cd uptake by neutralizing soil acid through slow release of OH–.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AFFe4
- Compound
- OH–e4
- Outcome
- Cd uptake and accumulatione4
- Qualifier
- neutralizing both active and potential soil acide4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e4“The mechanism of the AFF reducing Cd uptake and accumulation lies in the fertilizer neutralizing both active and potential soil acid by slow release of OH–”
Claim · model-written summary
The fertilizer is thought to reduce Cd bio-availability by raising soil cation exchange capacity and passivating Cd.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- fertilizere5
- Outcome
- bio-availabilitye5
- Qualifier
- increase soil cation exchange capacity and passivate Cde5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e5“The fertilizer was capable to increase soil cation exchange capacity and passivate Cd to reduce its bio-availability”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended economic fertilization rate of the alkaline functional fertilizer is 3000 to 4500 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AFFe6
- Outcome
- recommended economic fertilization ratee6
- Value
- 3000 to 4500 kg/hae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e6“The recommended economic fertilization rate of the AFF is 3000 to 4500 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield was related to the original or basal soil pH and available cadmium content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- original or basal soil pH and available cadmium contente7
- Outcome
- rice yielde7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice grain is of great significance for food safety”
e7“The rice yield was related to the original or basal soil pH and available cadmium content”
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