Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that improved nitrogen management can enhance lodging resistance and lower internodes play a key role in the lodging resistance of rice. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced lodging resistance under improved nitrogen management. In the present study, two rice varieties, with contrasting lodging resistance, were grown under optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices. Under OPT, the lower internodes of both cultivars were shorter but the upper internodes were longer, while both culm diameter and wall thickness of lower internodes were dramatically increased. Microscopic examination showed that the culm wall of lower internodes under OPT contained more sclerenchyma cells beneath epidermis and vascular bundle sheath. The genome-wide gene expression profiling revealed that transcription of genes encoding cell wall loosening factors was down-regulated while transcription of genes participating in lignin and starch synthesis was up-regulated under OPT, resulting in inhibition of longitudinal growth, promotion in transverse growth of lower internodes and enhancement of lodging resistance. This is the first comprehensive report on the morpho-anatomical, mechanical, and molecular mechanisms of lodging resistance of rice under optimized N management.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized nitrogen management shortened lower internodes.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- OPTe0
- Outcome
- lower internodese0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- farmers' fertilizer practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under OPT, the lower internodes of both cultivars were shorter but the upper internodes were longer”
t0“rice”
e1“optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized nitrogen management lengthened upper internodes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OPTe0
- Outcome
- upper internodese0
- Direction
- longere0
- Comparator
- farmers' fertilizer practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under OPT, the lower internodes of both cultivars were shorter but the upper internodes were longer”
t0“rice”
e1“optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized nitrogen management increased lower internode culm diameter and wall thickness.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OPTe1
- Outcome
- culm diameter and wall thickness of lower internodese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- farmers' fertilizer practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both culm diameter and wall thickness of lower internodes were dramatically increased”
t0“rice”
e1“optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized nitrogen management increased sclerenchyma cells beneath epidermis and vascular bundle sheath.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- lower internodese0
- Treatment
- OPTe0
- Outcome
- sclerenchyma cellse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- farmers' fertilizer practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the culm wall of lower internodes under OPT contained more sclerenchyma cells beneath epidermis and vascular bundle sheath”
t0“rice”
e1“optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcription of genes encoding cell wall loosening factors was down-regulated under optimized nitrogen management.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OPTe0
- Gene
- genes encoding cell wall loosening factorse0
- Outcome
- transcription of genes encoding cell wall loosening factorse0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
- Comparator
- farmers' fertilizer practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcription of genes encoding cell wall loosening factors was down-regulated while transcription of genes participating in lignin and starch synthesis was up-regulated under OPT”
t0“rice”
e1“optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcription of genes participating in lignin and starch synthesis was up-regulated under optimized nitrogen management.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OPTe0
- Gene
- genes participating in lignin and starch synthesise0
- Outcome
- transcription of genes participating in lignin and starch synthesise0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Comparator
- farmers' fertilizer practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcription of genes participating in lignin and starch synthesis was up-regulated under OPT”
t0“rice”
e1“optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized nitrogen management inhibited longitudinal growth and promoted transverse growth of lower internodes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- inhibition of longitudinal growth, promotion in transverse growth of lower internodese0
- Qualifier
- lower internodese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in inhibition of longitudinal growth, promotion in transverse growth of lower internodes and enhancement of lodging resistance”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized nitrogen management enhanced rice lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- optimized N managemente1
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Comparator
- farmers' fertilizer practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancement of lodging resistance”
t0“rice”
t1“Optimized nitrogen management”
e1“optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices”
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