Abstract
The photoreceptor-mediated photoperiodic sensitivity determines the obligate short-day flowering in chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) when the night length is longer than a critical minimum, otherwise, flowering is effectively inhibited. The reversal of this inhibition by subsequent exposure to a short period of supplemental (S) or night-interruptional (NI) blue (B) light (S-B; NI-B) indicates the involvement of B light-received photoreceptors in the flowering response. Flowering is mainly powered by sugars produced through photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Thus, the light intensity can be involved in flowering regulation by affecting photosynthesis. Here, it is elucidated that the intensity of S-B or NI-B in photoperiodic flowering regulation of chrysanthemums by applying 4-h of S-B or NI-B with either 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in a 10-h short-day (SD10) [SD10 + 4B or + NI-4B (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40)] or 13-h long-day (LD13) condition [LD13 + 4B or + NI-4B (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40)] provided by 300 ± 5 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD white (W) LEDs. After 60 days of photoperiodic light treatments other than the LD13 and LD13 + NI-4B (40), flowering with varying degrees was observed, although the SD10 gave the earliest flowering. And the LD13 + 4B (30) produced the greatest number of flowers. The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent as it was gradually promoted from 10 to 30 μmol m −2 s −1 PPFD and inhibited by 40B regardless of the photoperiod. In SD conditions, the same intensity of S-B and NI-B did not significantly affect flowering, while differential flowering inhibition was observed with any intensity of NI-B in LDs. Furthermore, the 30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD of S-B or NI-B up-regulated the expression of floral meristem identity or florigen genes, as well as the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and carbohydrate accumulation. The 40B also promoted these physiological traits but led to the unbalanced expression of florigen or anti-florigen genes. Overall, the photoperiodic flowering in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B of the SDP chrysanthemum suggests the co-regulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and differential photoreceptor-mediated control.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
After 60 days, flowering occurred in all light treatments except LD13 and LD13 with 40-intensity night interruption.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
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Chrysanthemumt0 - Outcome
- flowering with varying degrees was observede0
- Qualifier
- other than the LD13 and LD13 + NI-4B (40)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“After 60 days of photoperiodic light treatments other than the LD13 and LD13 + NI-4B (40), flowering with varying degrees was observed”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
SD10 produced the earliest flowering.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- SD10e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earlieste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although the SD10 gave the earliest flowering”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
LD13 plus 4B at 30 produced the most flowers.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- LD13 + 4B (30)e0
- Outcome
- number of flowerse0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“And the LD13 + 4B (30) produced the greatest number of flowers”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering rose as blue light intensity increased from 10 to 30 μmol m−2 s−1 across photoperiods.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 10 to 30 μmol m −2 s −1 PPFDe0
- Outcome
- flowering patterne1
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was gradually promoted from 10 to 30 μmol m −2 s −1 PPFD and inhibited by 40B regardless of the photoperiod”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light at 40B inhibited flowering across photoperiods.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 40Be0
- Outcome
- flowering patterne1
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was gradually promoted from 10 to 30 μmol m −2 s −1 PPFD and inhibited by 40B regardless of the photoperiod”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
At the same intensity under short days, supplemental and night-interruption blue light did not significantly differ in flowering.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- S-Be0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
- Comparator
- NI-Be0
- Setting
- SD conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In SD conditions, the same intensity of S-B and NI-B did not significantly affect flowering”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
Under long days, night-interruption blue light inhibited flowering at every tested intensity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differential flowering inhibition was observed with any intensity of NI-B in LDs”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light at 30 PPFD increased floral meristem identity or florigen gene expression.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD of S-B or NI-Be0
- Gene
- floral meristem identity or florigen genese0
- Outcome
- expression of floral meristem identity or florigen genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD of S-B or NI-B up-regulated the expression of floral meristem identity or florigen genes, as well as the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and carbohydrate accumulation”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light at 30 PPFD increased chlorophyll, photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate accumulation.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD of S-B or NI-Be0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and carbohydrate accumulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 30 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD of S-B or NI-B up-regulated the expression of floral meristem identity or florigen genes, as well as the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and carbohydrate accumulation”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light at 40B promoted physiological traits but unbalanced florigen and anti-florigen expression.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- 40Be0
- Gene
- florigen or anti-florigen genese0
- Outcome
- unbalanced expression of florigen or anti-florigen genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 40B also promoted these physiological traits but led to the unbalanced expression of florigen or anti-florigen genes”
t0“chrysanthemum”
e1“The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.