Abstract
Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. is a globally renowned ornamental flower. It includes numerous varieties, most of which are typical short-day (SD) plants, and the flowering characteristics of different chrysanthemum varieties in response to the photoperiod vary greatly. In this study, seven representative chrysanthemum varieties were selected for a comparative analysis of flowering traits under long-day conditions (16 h/8 h day/night) and short-day conditions (12 h/12 h day/night). It was found that three varieties (‘A44’, ‘C60’, and ‘183’) belonged to obligatory short-day varieties and four varieties (‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’) belonged to facultative short-day varieties. The short-day conditions not only induced earlier flowering but also improved flowering quality in the facultative SD varieties. Different chrysanthemum varieties required different light conditions to complete the vegetative stage and reach the floral competent state. Seven chrysanthemum varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time. The expression patterns of key floral genes in the photoperiod pathway were analyzed and it was found that CmCRY1, CmCRY2, CmGI1, CmGI2, and CmCO were mainly expressed in leaves. Then, comparing the expression levels of these genes under LD and SD conditions, the expression of CmGI1, CmGI2, CmCO, and CmFTL were not significantly induced in the obligatory SD varieties, while the expression of them in the facultative SD varieties were induced by SD conditions. This may be the reason why the facultative varieties could respond to SD conditions more quickly to complete the floral transition. In addition, SD induction under different photoperiodic conditions and growth states resulted in differences in the phenotype of flowering. This result provides guidance for the artificial regulation of chrysanthemum flowering and improvement of ornamental quality, as well as clues for analyzing the flowering mechanism of chrysanthemums under different photoperiod conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
A44, C60 and 183 were obligatory short-day varieties.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemumt0 - Material
- ‘A44’, ‘C60’, and ‘183’e0
- Outcome
- obligatory short-day varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“It was found that three varieties (‘A44’, ‘C60’, and ‘183’) belonged to obligatory short-day varieties and four varieties (‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’) belonged to facultative short-day varieties.”
t0“Chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
A20, C1, C27 and C31 were facultative short-day varieties.
- Taxon
- ChrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’e0
- Outcome
- facultative short-day varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was found that three varieties (‘A44’, ‘C60’, and ‘183’) belonged to obligatory short-day varieties and four varieties (‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’) belonged to facultative short-day varieties.”
t0“Chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-day conditions induced earlier flowering in facultative varieties.
- Taxon
- ChrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- facultative SD varietiese0
- Treatment
- short-day conditionse0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The short-day conditions not only induced earlier flowering but also improved flowering quality in the facultative SD varieties.”
t0“Chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-day conditions improved flowering quality in facultative varieties.
- Taxon
- ChrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- facultative SD varietiese0
- Treatment
- short-day conditionse0
- Outcome
- flowering qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The short-day conditions not only induced earlier flowering but also improved flowering quality in the facultative SD varieties.”
t0“Chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
‘A44’ reached floral competence in L20 and was most sensitive to short-day induction then.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Material
- ‘A44’e0
- Outcome
- floral competent statee0
- Value
- L20e0
- Qualifier
- most sensitive to SD induction at this timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven chrysanthemum varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C60’ reached floral competence in L20 and was most sensitive to short-day induction then.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Material
- ‘C60’e0
- Outcome
- floral competent statee0
- Value
- L20e0
- Qualifier
- most sensitive to SD induction at this timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven chrysanthemum varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘183’ reached floral competence in L22 and was most sensitive to short-day induction then.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Material
- ‘183’e0
- Outcome
- floral competent statee0
- Value
- L22e0
- Qualifier
- most sensitive to SD induction at this timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven chrysanthemum varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘A20’ reached floral competence in L22 and was most sensitive to short-day induction then.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Material
- ‘A20’e0
- Outcome
- floral competent statee0
- Value
- L22e0
- Qualifier
- most sensitive to SD induction at this timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven chrysanthemum varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C1’ reached floral competence in L18 and was most sensitive to short-day induction then.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Material
- ‘C1’e0
- Outcome
- floral competent statee0
- Value
- L18e0
- Qualifier
- most sensitive to SD induction at this timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven chrysanthemum varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C27’ reached floral competence in L20 and was most sensitive to short-day induction then.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Material
- ‘C27’e0
- Outcome
- floral competent statee0
- Value
- L20e0
- Qualifier
- most sensitive to SD induction at this timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven chrysanthemum varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘C31’ reached floral competence in L24 and was most sensitive to short-day induction then.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemume0
- Material
- ‘C31’e0
- Outcome
- floral competent statee0
- Value
- L24e0
- Qualifier
- most sensitive to SD induction at this timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seven chrysanthemum varieties, ‘A44’, ‘C60’, ‘183’, ‘A20’, ‘C1’, ‘C27’, and ‘C31’, reached a floral competent state in the L20, L20, L22, L22, L18, L20, and L24 periods, respectively, and were most sensitive to SD induction at this time.”
Claim · model-written summary
Five photoperiod genes were mainly expressed in leaves.
- Taxon
- ChrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Gene
- CmCRY1, CmCRY2, CmGI1, CmGI2, and CmCOe0
- Outcome
- mainly expressed in leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CmCRY1, CmCRY2, CmGI1, CmGI2, and CmCO were mainly expressed in leaves.”
t0“Chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days did not significantly induce the listed genes in obligatory varieties.
- Taxon
- ChrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- obligatory SD varietiese0
- Treatment
- SD conditionse0
- Gene
- CmGI1, CmGI2, CmCO, and CmFTLe0
- Outcome
- expression of CmGI1, CmGI2, CmCO, and CmFTLe0
- Direction
- not significantly inducede0
- Comparator
- LDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Then, comparing the expression levels of these genes under LD and SD conditions, the expression of CmGI1, CmGI2, CmCO, and CmFTL were not significantly induced in the obligatory SD varieties, while the expression of them in the facultative SD varieties were induced by SD conditions.”
t0“Chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days induced the listed genes in facultative varieties.
- Taxon
- ChrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Material
- facultative SD varietiese0
- Treatment
- SD conditionse0
- Gene
- CmGI1, CmGI2, CmCO, and CmFTLe0
- Outcome
- expression of CmGI1, CmGI2, CmCO, and CmFTLe0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Comparator
- LDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Then, comparing the expression levels of these genes under LD and SD conditions, the expression of CmGI1, CmGI2, CmCO, and CmFTL were not significantly induced in the obligatory SD varieties, while the expression of them in the facultative SD varieties were induced by SD conditions.”
t0“Chrysanthemum”
Claim · model-written summary
Photoperiod and growth state altered flowering phenotype under short-day induction.
- Taxon
- ChrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- SD inductione0
- Outcome
- phenotype of floweringe0
- Direction
- differencese0
- Qualifier
- different photoperiodic conditions and growth statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD induction under different photoperiodic conditions and growth states resulted in differences in the phenotype of flowering.”
t0“Chrysanthemum”
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