Abstract
Summary Herbivory severely affects plant growth, posing a threat to crop production. Calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) signaling and accumulation of jasmonates (JAs) are activated in plant response to herbivore attack, leading to the expression of defense pathways. However, little is known about how the Ca 2+ signal modulates JA biosynthesis. We used diverse techniques, including CRISPR/Cas9, UPLC‐MS/MS and molecular biology methods to explore the role of ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 16 in Ca 2+ signal‐triggered JA burst during herbivore defense in tomato. Here we show that simulated herbivory induces GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR LIKE3.3/3.5 ( GLR3.3/3.5 )‐dependent increases in electrical activity, Ca 2+ influx and increases the abundance of CALMODULIN2 ( CaM2 ) and ERF16 transcripts in tomato. The interaction between CaM2 and ERF16 promotes JA biosynthesis by enhancing the transcriptional activity of ERF16, which increases the activation of ERF16 expression and causes expression of LIPOXYGENASE D (LOXD) , AOC and 12‐OXO‐PHYTODIENOIC ACID REDUCTASE 3 (OPR3) , the key genes in JA biosynthesis. Mutation of CaM2 results in decreased JA accumulation, together with the expression of JA biosynthesis‐related genes, leading to reduced resistance to the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera . These findings reveal a molecular mechanism underpinning the Ca 2+ signal‐initiated systemic JA burst and emphasize the pivotal role of Ca 2+ signal/ERF16 crosstalk in herbivore defense.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated herbivory increased electrical activity and Ca influx through GLR3.3/3.5.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- simulated herbivorye0
- Gene
- GLR3.3/3.5e0
- Outcome
- electrical activity, Ca 2+ influxe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simulated herbivory induces GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR LIKE3.3/3.5 ( GLR3.3/3.5 )‐dependent increases in electrical activity, Ca 2+ influx”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated herbivory increased CaM2 and ERF16 transcripts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- simulated herbivorye0
- Gene
- CaM2e0
- Outcome
- abundance of CALMODULIN2 ( CaM2 ) and ERF16 transcriptse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simulated herbivory induces GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR LIKE3.3/3.5 ( GLR3.3/3.5 )‐dependent increases in electrical activity, Ca 2+ influx and increases the abundance of CALMODULIN2 ( CaM2 ) and ERF16 transcripts in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM2 interaction with ERF16 promoted JA biosynthesis through ERF16 transcriptional activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- CaM2 and ERF16e0
- Outcome
- JA biosynthesise0
- Qualifier
- enhancing the transcriptional activity of ERF16e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between CaM2 and ERF16 promotes JA biosynthesis by enhancing the transcriptional activity of ERF16”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ERF16 increased expression of JA biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- LIPOXYGENASE D (LOXD) , AOC and 12‐OXO‐PHYTODIENOIC ACID REDUCTASE 3 (OPR3)e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“causes expression of LIPOXYGENASE D (LOXD) , AOC and 12‐OXO‐PHYTODIENOIC ACID REDUCTASE 3 (OPR3) , the key genes in JA biosynthesis”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM2 mutation decreased JA accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mutation of CaM2e0
- Gene
- CaM2e0
- Outcome
- JA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutation of CaM2 results in decreased JA accumulation”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM2 mutation decreased JA biosynthesis gene expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mutation of CaM2e0
- Gene
- CaM2e0
- Outcome
- expression of JA biosynthesis‐related genese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutation of CaM2 results in decreased JA accumulation, together with the expression of JA biosynthesis‐related genes”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM2 mutation reduced resistance to cotton bollworm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mutation of CaM2e0
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigera
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=60)
Helicoverpa armigerae0herbivore - Gene
- CaM2e0
- Outcome
- resistance to the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigerae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Mutation of CaM2 results in decreased JA accumulation, together with the expression of JA biosynthesis‐related genes, leading to reduced resistance to the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera”
t0“tomato”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.