Abstract
Increasing planting density is an effective way to improve maize yield, but high plant populations often cause a lodging problem. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of increasing planting density on stalk lodging resistance and grain yield, and to explore the effects on stalk and yield properties of spraying ethephon in densely planted summer maize. The summer maize hybrid, Xundan20 (XD20), was used as experimental material. It was grown by spraying water (CK) or ethephon (E) at BBCH (BASF, Bayer, Ciba-Geigy and Hoechst) 17 under three different planting densities of 60,000 plants ha−1 (L), 75,000 plants ha−1 (M) and 90,000 plants ha−1 (H) in order to explore the possibility of synergistic improvement in stalk lodging resistance and grain yield. The results from this experiment suggested that the gravity center height of densely planted summer maize was significantly increased, the stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles were significantly decreased and the dry weight per unit internode was significantly decreased, thereby weakening the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance, resulting in a significant increase in lodging percentage. The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield. The correlation analysis further showed that lodging percentage was significantly negatively correlated with stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles and stalk bending performance, but there were no strong relationships with grain yield. This suggested that the synergistic improvement in stalk lodging resistance and grain yield was not contradictory. Under the experiment conditions, the effect of spraying ethephon was most significant when the planting density was 90,000 plants ha−1. At the time, the lodging percentage and grain yield were 12.2% and 11,137.5 kg ha−1, which were decreased by 44.6% and increased by 8.0% compared with the control treatment. Scientific chemical regulation could significantly improve the stalk lodging resistance and grain yield of densely planted summer maize.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Dense planting increased gravity center height.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gravity center height of densely planted summer maize was significantly increased, the stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles were significantly decreased and the dry weight per unit internode was significantly decreased, thereby weakening the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance, resulting in a significant increase in lodging percentage”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Dense planting decreased stem diameter, vascular bundle area and number.
- Treatment
- densely plantede0
- Outcome
- stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundlese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gravity center height of densely planted summer maize was significantly increased, the stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles were significantly decreased and the dry weight per unit internode was significantly decreased, thereby weakening the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance, resulting in a significant increase in lodging percentage”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Dense planting decreased dry weight per unit internode.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gravity center height of densely planted summer maize was significantly increased, the stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles were significantly decreased and the dry weight per unit internode was significantly decreased, thereby weakening the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance, resulting in a significant increase in lodging percentage”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Dense planting weakened stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance.
- Treatment
- densely plantede0
- Outcome
- stalk rind penetration strength and bending performancee0
- Direction
- weakeninge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gravity center height of densely planted summer maize was significantly increased, the stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles were significantly decreased and the dry weight per unit internode was significantly decreased, thereby weakening the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance, resulting in a significant increase in lodging percentage”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Dense planting increased lodging percentage.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gravity center height of densely planted summer maize was significantly increased, the stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles were significantly decreased and the dry weight per unit internode was significantly decreased, thereby weakening the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance, resulting in a significant increase in lodging percentage”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon decreased ear height.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased SPAD (soil and plant analysis development).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased canopy light transmittance.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased internode dry weight per unit length.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon enhanced stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance.
- Treatment
- spraying ethephone0
- Outcome
- stalk rind penetration strength and bending performancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduce lodging percentage.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increase grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodging percentage was negatively correlated with stem diameter, vascular bundles and stalk bending.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lodging percentage was significantly negatively correlated with stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles and stalk bending performance, but there were no strong relationships with grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodging percentage had no strong relationship with grain yield.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lodging percentage was significantly negatively correlated with stem diameter, area and number of vascular bundles and stalk bending performance, but there were no strong relationships with grain yield”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At 90,000 plants ha−1, ethephon reduced lodging to 12.2%, 44.6% below control.
- Treatment
- ethephone1
- Outcome
- lodging percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 12.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 44.6%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the time, the lodging percentage and grain yield were 12.2% and 11,137.5 kg ha−1, which were decreased by 44.6% and increased by 8.0% compared with the control treatment”
t0“maize”
e1“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
At 90,000 plants ha−1, ethephon raised yield to 11,137.5 kg ha−1, 8.0% above control.
- Treatment
- ethephone1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11,137.5 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 8.0%e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the time, the lodging percentage and grain yield were 12.2% and 11,137.5 kg ha−1, which were decreased by 44.6% and increased by 8.0% compared with the control treatment”
t0“maize”
e1“The ear height was significantly decreased and the SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) and canopy light transmittance were increased after spraying ethephon; then, the internode dry weight per unit length was increased and the stalk rind penetration strength and bending performance were enhanced so as to significantly reduce the lodging percentage and increase the grain yield”
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