Abstract
High temperature is foremost abiotic stress and there are inadequate studies explicating its impact on soybean. In this study, a pot experiment was done in a greenhouse maintained at a day/night temperature of 42/28 °C with a mean temperature of 35 °C to examine the effects of high temperature in soybean plants inoculated with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).Various parameters were taken in soybean plants treated with AMF (+) and AMF (−) such as growth analysis, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, number of stomata, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, seed yield, and its attributes. It was observed that growth parameters like leaf area, stem height, root length, shoot and root dry biomass were increased in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (−) plants. Chlorophyll content, the number of stomata, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency increased in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (−) plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PhiPSII, fluorescence area, performance index, photochemical quenching, linear electron transport rate, and active reaction centres density of PSII were also found to be enhanced in AMF (+) plants. However, canopy temperature, intercellular CO2, Fo/Fm, and non-photochemical quenching were higher in AMF (−) as compared to inoculated plants. An increase in growth and photosynthesis ultimately enhanced the seed yield and its attributes in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (−). Thus, AMF (+) plants have shown much better plant growth, photosynthesis parameters, and seed yield as compared to AMF (−) plants under high temperature. Thus, it is concluded that heat stress-induced damage to the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus was alleviated by AMF inoculum. Therefore, AMF can be used as a biofertilizer in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress in soybean.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased soybean leaf area, stem height and root length under heat.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- AMF (+)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf area, stem height, root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- AMF (−)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth parameters like leaf area, stem height, root length, shoot and root dry biomass were increased in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (−) plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased shoot and root dry biomass.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (+)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- AMF (−)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth parameters like leaf area, stem height, root length, shoot and root dry biomass were increased in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (−) plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased Chlorophyll content, the number of stomata, photosynthesis rate.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (+)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll content, the number of stomata, photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- AMF (−)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll content, the number of stomata, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency increased in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (−) plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (+)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- AMF (−)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll content, the number of stomata, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency increased in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (−) plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PhiPSII.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (+)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PhiPSIIe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PhiPSII, fluorescence area, performance index, photochemical quenching, linear electron transport rate, and active reaction centres density of PSII were also found to be enhanced in AMF (+) plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced fluorescence area, performance index, photochemical quenching.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (+)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fluorescence area, performance index, photochemical quenchinge0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PhiPSII, fluorescence area, performance index, photochemical quenching, linear electron transport rate, and active reaction centres density of PSII were also found to be enhanced in AMF (+) plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced linear electron transport rate, and active reaction centres density of PSII.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (+)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- linear electron transport rate, and active reaction centres density of PSIIe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PhiPSII, fluorescence area, performance index, photochemical quenching, linear electron transport rate, and active reaction centres density of PSII were also found to be enhanced in AMF (+) plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated plants had higher canopy temperature, intercellular CO2.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (−)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- canopy temperature, intercellular CO2e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“canopy temperature, intercellular CO2, Fo/Fm, and non-photochemical quenching were higher in AMF (−) as compared to inoculated plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated plants had higher Fo/Fm, and non-photochemical quenching.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (−)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Fo/Fm, and non-photochemical quenchinge0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“canopy temperature, intercellular CO2, Fo/Fm, and non-photochemical quenching were higher in AMF (−) as compared to inoculated plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased seed yield and its attributes under heat.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF (+)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- seed yield and its attributese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- AMF (−)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in growth and photosynthesis ultimately enhanced the seed yield and its attributes in AMF (+) as compared to AMF (−)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF alleviated heat damage to the photosynthetic apparatus.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculume0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- damage to the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatuse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heat stress-induced damage to the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus was alleviated by AMF inoculum”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend AMF as a biofertilizer for heat stress in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF can be used as a biofertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF can be used as a biofertilizer in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress in soybean”
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