Abstract
Zinc is an essential minor element for rice growth and human health, which can also change the structure of the microorganisms. However, it remains unclear for the effects of zinc fertilizer on microbiome function in agricultural soils and crops. To solve this research gap, we investigated the relationship between improving rice ( Oryza sativa L.) yield, Zn concentration, soil microbial community diversity, and function by the application of Zn fertilizer. The field trials included three rice varieties (Huanghuazhan, Nanjing9108, and Nuodao-9925) and two soil Zn levels (0 and 30 kg ha –1 ) in Jiangsu province, China. As a test, we studied the variety of soil bacterial composition, diversity, and function using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that soil Zn application reduced the diversity of microbial community, but the bacterial network was more closely linked, and the metabolic function of bacterial community was improved, which increased the grain yield (17.34–19.52%) and enriched the Zn content of polished rice (1.40–20.05%). Specifically, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel’s test results revealed soil total nitrogen (TN) was the primary driver that led to a community shift in the rice rhizosphere bacterial community, and soil organic carbon (SOC) was considered to have a strong influence on dominant phyla. Furthermore, network analysis indicated the most critical bacterial taxa were identified as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria , and Chloroflexi based on their topological roles of microorganisms. KEGG metabolic pathway prediction demonstrated that soil Zn application significantly ( p < 0.05) improved lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation. Overall, their positive effects were different among rice varieties, of which Nanjing-9108 (NJ9108) performed better. This study opens new avenues to deeply understand the plant and soil–microbe interactions by the application of fertilizer and further navigates the development of Zn-rich rice cultivation strategies.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Soil zinc application reduced rice rhizosphere microbial diversity.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- diversity of microbial communitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil Zn application reduced the diversity of microbial community”
t0“rice grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil zinc application made the bacterial network more closely linked.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione1
- Outcome
- bacterial networke0
- Direction
- more closely linkede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bacterial network was more closely linked”
t0“rice grain yield”
e1“soil Zn application reduced the diversity of microbial community”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil zinc application improved bacterial metabolic function.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione1
- Outcome
- metabolic function of bacterial communitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the metabolic function of bacterial community was improved”
t0“rice grain yield”
e1“soil Zn application reduced the diversity of microbial community”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil zinc application increased rice grain yield by 17.34–19.52%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.34–19.52%e0
- Comparator
- 0e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the grain yield (17.34–19.52%)”
t0“rice grain yield”
e1“soil Zn application reduced the diversity of microbial community”
e2“two soil Zn levels (0 and 30 kg ha –1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil zinc application enriched zinc content in polished rice by 1.40–20.05%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione1
- Outcome
- Zn content of polished ricee0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Value
- 1.40–20.05%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enriched the Zn content of polished rice (1.40–20.05%)”
e1“soil Zn application significantly ( p < 0.05) improved lipid metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil total nitrogen was the primary driver of rice rhizosphere bacterial community shift.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- soil total nitrogen (TN)e0
- Outcome
- community shift in the rice rhizosphere bacterial communitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil total nitrogen (TN) was the primary driver that led to a community shift in the rice rhizosphere bacterial community”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon strongly influenced dominant bacterial phyla.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- soil organic carbon (SOC)e0
- Outcome
- dominant phylae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil organic carbon (SOC) was considered to have a strong influence on dominant phyla”
t0“rice grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were identified as critical bacterial taxa.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- ActinobacteriaActinomycetotae0other
- Outcome
- most critical bacterial taxae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most critical bacterial taxa were identified as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria , and Chloroflexi”
t0“rice grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil zinc application significantly improved predicted lipid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolisme0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil Zn application significantly ( p < 0.05) improved lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism”
t0“rice grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil zinc application significantly improved predicted xenobiotic biodegradation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- xenobiotic biodegradatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil Zn application significantly ( p < 0.05) improved lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation”
t0“rice grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanjing-9108 performed better among rice varieties for positive zinc responses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Nanjing-9108e0
- Outcome
- positive effectse0
- Direction
- performed bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their positive effects were different among rice varieties, of which Nanjing-9108 (NJ9108) performed better”
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