Abstract
Rhizoctonia root rot is one of the most destructive diseases of tomato and other crops. The biocontrol of plant diseases using endophytic bacteria has gained significant attention due to their distinct advantages compared with the free-living ones, as well as their new unexplored and unique properties. Endophytic Bacillus subtilis SR22 represents a promising and more effective biocontrol and growth-promoting agent for tomato plants than the free-living agents, being an ecofriendly and sustainable tool in modern agriculture. In this study, the direct antagonistic activity of B. subtilis SR22 was investigated against Rhizoctonia solani in vitro. The biocontrol activity of B. subtilis SR22 against Rhizoctonia root rot of tomato was also investigated. Effects on the level of the transcriptional expression of defense-related genes, biochemical responses, and the vegetative growth of tomato plants were also studied. The dual culture test showed 51% inhibition in the mycelial growth of R. solani due to B. subtilis SR22, indicating its potent antagonistic behavior. Using a GC-MS analysis, twenty bioactive compounds were detected to be produced by B. subtilis SR22, including chlorogenic acid, pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro, propyl thioglycolic acid, phthalic acid, and 2,3-butanediol. Under greenhouse conditions, the application of B. subtilis SR22 led to a reduction (up to 51%) in Rhizoctonia root rot of tomato. Furthermore, an upregulation in the expression of the responsive factor JERF3 (10.9-fold) and the defense-related genes POD (9.1-fold) and PR1 (4.5-fold) in tomato plants was recorded due to the application of B. subtilis SR22. In addition, this treatment enhanced the total phenolic content (76.8%) and activity of the antioxidant enzymes POD (56%) and PPO (29.2%) in tomato roots, indicating its resistance-inducing effect on tomato plants. Moreover, this treatment enhanced most of the evaluated growth parameters in tomato plants (up to 35%). We can conclude that B. subtilis SR22 is a promising biocontrol agent and growth promoter in tomato plants against Rhizoctonia root rot. An evaluation of the formulation and field application of this bio-agent is necessary in future studies.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 inhibited R. solani mycelial growth by 51% in dual culture.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- B. subtilis SR22e0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- B. subtilis SR22
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mycelial growth of R. solanie0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dual culture test showed 51% inhibition in the mycelial growth of R. solani due to B. subtilis SR22”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS detected twenty bioactive compounds produced by B. subtilis SR22.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis SR22Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- bioactive compounds were detected to be produced by B. subtilis SR22e0
- Value
- twentye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“twenty bioactive compounds were detected to be produced by B. subtilis SR22, including chlorogenic acid, pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro, propyl thioglycolic acid, phthalic acid, and 2,3-butanediol”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 reduced tomato Rhizoctonia root rot by up to 51% in greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis SR22e0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia
.jpg?width=60)
Rhizoctoniae0pathogen - Second interactor
- B. subtilis SR22Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Rhizoctonia root rote0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- up to 51%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, the application of B. subtilis SR22 led to a reduction (up to 51%) in Rhizoctonia root rot of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 increased tomato JERF3 expression 10.9-fold.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis SR22e0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis SR22Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- JERF3e0
- Outcome
- expression of the responsive factor JERF3e0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Value
- 10.9-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an upregulation in the expression of the responsive factor JERF3 (10.9-fold) and the defense-related genes POD (9.1-fold) and PR1 (4.5-fold) in tomato plants was recorded due to the application of B. subtilis SR22”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 increased tomato POD gene expression 9.1-fold.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis SR22e0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis SR22Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- PODe0
- Outcome
- defense-related genes PODe0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Value
- 9.1-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an upregulation in the expression of the responsive factor JERF3 (10.9-fold) and the defense-related genes POD (9.1-fold) and PR1 (4.5-fold) in tomato plants was recorded due to the application of B. subtilis SR22”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 increased tomato PR1 gene expression 4.5-fold.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis SR22e0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis SR22Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- PR1e0
- Outcome
- PR1e0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Value
- 4.5-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an upregulation in the expression of the responsive factor JERF3 (10.9-fold) and the defense-related genes POD (9.1-fold) and PR1 (4.5-fold) in tomato plants was recorded due to the application of B. subtilis SR22”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 increased total phenolic content in tomato roots by 76.8%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- this treatmente0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 76.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment enhanced the total phenolic content (76.8%) and activity of the antioxidant enzymes POD (56%) and PPO (29.2%) in tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 increased tomato root POD activity by 56%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- this treatmente0
- Gene
- PODe0
- Outcome
- activity of the antioxidant enzymes PODe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment enhanced the total phenolic content (76.8%) and activity of the antioxidant enzymes POD (56%) and PPO (29.2%) in tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 increased tomato root PPO activity by 29.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- this treatmente0
- Gene
- PPOe0
- Outcome
- activity of the antioxidant enzymes POD (56%) and PPOe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 29.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment enhanced the total phenolic content (76.8%) and activity of the antioxidant enzymes POD (56%) and PPO (29.2%) in tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SR22 increased most measured tomato growth parameters by up to 35%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- this treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- up to 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment enhanced most of the evaluated growth parameters in tomato plants (up to 35%)”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus subtilis · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Bacillus subtilis · Rhizoctonia · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Bacillus subtilis · Rhizoctonia solani · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.