Abstract
Extensive use of chemical control agents and fungicides typically leads to numerous risks to human health and the environment. Using plant extracts as natural substances represents a dual key for the environment and sustainable food production, as it reduces the input of synthetic pesticides into the environment and/or controls plant pathogens. For the first time, a Plantago lagopus ethanolic extract has been characterized and evaluated for its protective and curative effects against Rhizoctonia solani in tomato plants. The results showed that P. lagopus extract (10 μg/ml) completely inhibited R. solani mycelial growth in vitro . At 20 days of post fungal inoculation, the results demonstrated that using P. lagopus extract (100 μg/ml) in vivo enhanced tomato plant growth by significantly increasing shoot and root parameters in protective and curative treatments. Furthermore, the protective and curative treatments significantly reduced the disease index by 18.66 and 38.66%, respectively. Induction of systemic resistance with upregulation of PR-1 and PR-2 and a significant increase in the transcriptional levels of PR-3 and CHS in all P. lagopus extract-treated tomato plants were reported compared to untreated plants. HPLC analysis showed that the most common polyphenolic components detected in P. lagopus extract were rutin (74206.3 mg/kg), naringenin (2388.74 mg/kg), quercetin (1249.13 mg/kg), and p -hydroxybenzoic acid (1035.87 mg/kg). In addition, the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported. Our study is the first to show that P. lagopus extract can help plants fight off R. solani fungal infection. Furthermore, the findings imply that using the P. lagopus extract as a natural biocontrol agent could be a sustainable strategy to manage plant fungal diseases.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract fully inhibited Rhizoctonia mycelial growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- P. lagopus extract (10 μg/ml)e0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- R. solani mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. lagopus extract (10 μg/ml) completely inhibited R. solani mycelial growth in vitro”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Protective Plantago treatment increased tomato shoot and root growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- P. lagopus extract (100 μg/ml)e0
- Outcome
- shoot and root parameterse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- protectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. lagopus extract (100 μg/ml) in vivo enhanced tomato plant growth by significantly increasing shoot and root parameters in protective and curative treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Curative Plantago treatment increased tomato shoot and root growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- P. lagopus extract (100 μg/ml)e0
- Outcome
- shoot and root parameterse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- curativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. lagopus extract (100 μg/ml) in vivo enhanced tomato plant growth by significantly increasing shoot and root parameters in protective and curative treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Protective treatment reduced disease index by 18.66%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- protectivee0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18.66e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the protective and curative treatments significantly reduced the disease index by 18.66 and 38.66%, respectively.”
t0“against Rhizoctonia solani in tomato plants”
t1“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Curative treatment reduced disease index by 38.66%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- curativee0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 38.66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the protective and curative treatments significantly reduced the disease index by 18.66 and 38.66%, respectively.”
t0“against Rhizoctonia solani in tomato plants”
t1“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago treatment upregulated PR-1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- P. lagopus extract-treatede0
- Gene
- PR-1e0
- Outcome
- upregulation of PR-1e0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Induction of systemic resistance with upregulation of PR-1 and PR-2 and a significant increase in the transcriptional levels of PR-3 and CHS in all P. lagopus extract-treated tomato plants were reported compared to untreated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago treatment upregulated PR-2.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- P. lagopus extract-treatede0
- Gene
- PR-2e0
- Outcome
- PR-2e0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Induction of systemic resistance with upregulation of PR-1 and PR-2 and a significant increase in the transcriptional levels of PR-3 and CHS in all P. lagopus extract-treated tomato plants were reported compared to untreated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago treatment significantly increased PR-3 transcription.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- P. lagopus extract-treatede0
- Gene
- PR-3e0
- Outcome
- transcriptional levels of PR-3e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in the transcriptional levels of PR-3 and CHS in all P. lagopus extract-treated tomato plants were reported compared to untreated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago treatment significantly increased CHS transcription.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- P. lagopus extract-treatede0
- Gene
- CHSe0
- Outcome
- CHSe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in the transcriptional levels of PR-3 and CHS in all P. lagopus extract-treated tomato plants were reported compared to untreated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained rutin at 74206.3 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- P. lagopus
Plantago lagopuse0 - Outcome
- rutine0
- Value
- 74206.3 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. lagopus extract were rutin (74206.3 mg/kg), naringenin (2388.74 mg/kg), quercetin (1249.13 mg/kg), and p -hydroxybenzoic acid (1035.87 mg/kg).”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained naringenin at 2388.74 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- P. lagopusPlantago lagopuse0
- Outcome
- naringenine0
- Value
- 2388.74 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. lagopus extract were rutin (74206.3 mg/kg), naringenin (2388.74 mg/kg), quercetin (1249.13 mg/kg), and p -hydroxybenzoic acid (1035.87 mg/kg).”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained quercetin at 1249.13 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- P. lagopusPlantago lagopuse0
- Outcome
- quercetine0
- Value
- 1249.13 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. lagopus extract were rutin (74206.3 mg/kg), naringenin (2388.74 mg/kg), quercetin (1249.13 mg/kg), and p -hydroxybenzoic acid (1035.87 mg/kg).”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained p-hydroxybenzoic acid at 1035.87 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- P. lagopusPlantago lagopuse0
- Outcome
- p -hydroxybenzoic acide0
- Value
- 1035.87 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. lagopus extract were rutin (74206.3 mg/kg), naringenin (2388.74 mg/kg), quercetin (1249.13 mg/kg), and p -hydroxybenzoic acid (1035.87 mg/kg).”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained ellagic acid at 798.47 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Plantago lagopusPlantago lagopust0
- Outcome
- ellagic acide0
- Value
- 798.47 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported.”
t0“Plantago lagopus”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained vanillic acid at 752.55 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Plantago lagopusPlantago lagopust0
- Outcome
- vanillic acide0
- Value
- 752.55 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported.”
t0“Plantago lagopus”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained catechol at 648.89 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Plantago lagopusPlantago lagopust0
- Outcome
- catechole0
- Value
- 648.89 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported.”
t0“Plantago lagopus”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained cinnamic acid at 332.51 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Plantago lagopusPlantago lagopust0
- Outcome
- cinnamic acide0
- Value
- 332.51 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported.”
t0“Plantago lagopus”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained ferulic acid at 296.32 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Plantago lagopusPlantago lagopust0
- Outcome
- ferulic acide0
- Value
- 296.32 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported.”
t0“Plantago lagopus”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained benzoic acid at 295.95 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Plantago lagopusPlantago lagopust0
- Outcome
- benzoic acide0
- Value
- 295.95 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported.”
t0“Plantago lagopus”
Claim · model-written summary
Plantago extract contained chlorogenic acid at 116.63 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Plantago lagopusPlantago lagopust0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acide0
- Value
- 116.63 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ellagic acid (798.47 mg/kg), vanillic acid (752.55 mg/kg), catechol (648.89 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (332.51 mg/kg), ferulic acid (296.32 mg/kg), benzoic acid (295.95 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (116.63 mg/kg) were also reported.”
t0“Plantago lagopus”
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