Abstract
Abstract Evaporative cooling, trickle, and no irrigation were compared under a reduced pesticide program and no pesticides for effects on pests of ‘Delicious’ apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) at 1 location in 1979 and at 2 locations in 1980. Evaporative cooling slightly increased foliar scab in one orchard and fruit scab at both locations on trees receiving no fungicides, but fungicides applied to one side of the trees overcame this effect. Irrigation treatments did not affect white rot incidence. Evaporative cooling lowered bitter rot incidence on non-sprayed trees in the year in which they were inoculated, apparently by washing off spores, but increased bitter rot on trees receiving fungicides in the following year when inoculum levels were much higher. Aphid colonies and damage from external fruit feeders and codling moth all increased under evaporative cooling when populations were high enough to detect differences between treatments, but this occurred during only one season at one location for each pest. Following either delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in June, evaporative cooling consistently maintained European red mites and usually maintained two-spotted spider mites below damaging levels, while pest mite populations on trickle- and non-irrigated trees resurged to high levels.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling slightly increased foliar scab in one orchard.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- Deliciouse0
- Treatment
- Evaporative coolinge1
- Outcome
- foliar scabe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- slightlye1
- Comparator
- trickle, and no irrigatione2
- Setting
- one orcharde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e1“Evaporative cooling slightly increased foliar scab in one orchard and fruit scab at both locations on trees receiving no fungicides”
e2“Evaporative cooling, trickle, and no irrigation were compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling increased fruit scab at both locations on trees receiving no fungicides.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Evaporative coolinge1
- Outcome
- fruit scabe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- trees receiving no fungicidese1
- Comparator
- trickle, and no irrigatione2
- Setting
- both locationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e1“Evaporative cooling slightly increased foliar scab in one orchard and fruit scab at both locations on trees receiving no fungicides”
e2“Evaporative cooling, trickle, and no irrigation were compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides applied to one side of the trees overcame the evaporative-cooling increase in scab.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- fungicides applied to one side of the treese5
- Outcome
- this effecte5
- Direction
- overcamee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e5“fungicides applied to one side of the trees overcame this effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation treatments did not affect white rot incidence in apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Irrigation treatmentse3
- Outcome
- white rot incidencee3
- Direction
- did not affecte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e3“Irrigation treatments did not affect white rot incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling lowered bitter rot incidence on non-sprayed apple trees in the year they were inoculated.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Evaporative coolinge4
- Outcome
- bitter rot incidencee4
- Direction
- lowerede4
- Qualifier
- on non-sprayed trees in the year in which they were inoculatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e4“Evaporative cooling lowered bitter rot incidence on non-sprayed trees in the year in which they were inoculated”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowering of bitter rot incidence by evaporative cooling is apparently due to washing off spores.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- bitter rot incidencee4
- Qualifier
- by washing off sporese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e4“Evaporative cooling lowered bitter rot incidence on non-sprayed trees in the year in which they were inoculated”
e5“apparently by washing off spores”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling increased bitter rot on fungicide-treated trees in the following year when inoculum levels were much higher.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Evaporative coolinge4
- Outcome
- bitter rote5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- on trees receiving fungicides in the following year when inoculum levels were much highere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e4“Evaporative cooling lowered bitter rot incidence on non-sprayed trees in the year in which they were inoculated”
e5“increased bitter rot on trees receiving fungicides in the following year when inoculum levels were much higher”
Claim · model-written summary
Under evaporative cooling, aphid colonies and damage from codling moth increased when populations were high, in only one season at one location for each pest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- evaporative coolinge6
- Interactor
- Aphide6pest
- Second interactor
- codling moth
Cydia pomonellae6pest - Outcome
- Aphid colonies and damage from external fruit feeders and codling mothe6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- during only one season at one location for each peste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e6“Aphid colonies and damage from external fruit feeders and codling moth all increased under evaporative cooling”
e7“during only one season at one location for each pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling consistently maintained European red mite populations on apple after oil or miticide applications in June.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in Junee4
- Interactor
- European red mitese4pest
- Outcome
- European red mitese4
- Direction
- maintainede4
- Qualifier
- consistentlye4
- Comparator
- trickle- and non-irrigated treese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e4“Following either delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in June, evaporative cooling consistently maintained European red mites and usually maintained two-spotted spider mites below damaging levels, while pest mite populations on trickle- and non-irrigated trees resurged to high levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaporative cooling usually maintained two-spotted spider mite populations below damaging levels on apple after oil or miticide applications in June.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in Junee4
- Interactor
- two-spotted spider mitese4pest
- Outcome
- two-spotted spider mitese4
- Direction
- maintainede4
- Qualifier
- below damaging levelse4
- Comparator
- trickle- and non-irrigated treese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e4“Following either delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in June, evaporative cooling consistently maintained European red mites and usually maintained two-spotted spider mites below damaging levels, while pest mite populations on trickle- and non-irrigated trees resurged to high levels”
Claim · model-written summary
On trickle- and non-irrigated apple trees, pest mite populations resurged to high levels after oil or miticide applications in June.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in Junee4
- Outcome
- pest mite populationse4
- Direction
- resurgede4
- Qualifier
- to high levelse4
- Comparator
- evaporative coolinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pests of ‘Delicious’ apple”
e4“Following either delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in June, evaporative cooling consistently maintained European red mites and usually maintained two-spotted spider mites below damaging levels, while pest mite populations on trickle- and non-irrigated trees resurged to high levels”
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