Abstract
No substantial information is available to explain the associative roles of calcium (Ca2+) and jasmonic acid (JA) in enhancing tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses. It is therefore, imperative to investigate the interaction of these biomolecules in plants subjected to heavy metal stress. The concomitant effects of Ca2+ and/or JA on the physiological mechanism associated with metalloid stress tolerance are still not substantially explored in tomato seedlings. Present study unveils the synergistic role of Ca2+ and JA in mitigation of arsenic toxicity (As) in tomato seedlings. Present evidence reveals that plant grown in As toxicity conditions exhibited a decrease in growth attributes (shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight) and supressed the biosynthesis mechanism of chlorophyll (Chl), nutrients homeostasis [Ca2+, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] and glyoxalase system. Exogenous As induced the over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG), and enhanced Chl degrading enzyme [chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity in tomato seedlings. However, exogenous application of Ca2+ and/or JA supressed the adverse effect of As. Moreover, combined application of Ca2+ and JA was found to be more effective than their individual effects to the seedlings. Application of Ca2+ and JA together significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of Chl by supressing Chlase activity and enhancing the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity (a Chl synthesising enzyme) and also improved activity of glyoxalase I (Gly I) and Gly II activity (responsible for the detoxification of MG ). Exogenous supply of Ca2+ and JA maintained the balance supply of nutrients and glycine betaine in tomato seedlings under As toxicity conditions. Combined application of Ca2+ and JA supressed the overproduction of ROS by modulating activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. When Ca2+ and JA were supplied with the Ca2+-chelator EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid), the efficacy of Ca2+ was eliminated, confirming the participation of Ca2+ and JA in mitigation of As toxicity. Thus, it is evident that Ca2+ and JA together mediated As tolerance of tomato seedlings t by improving physiological defence mechanisms.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic toxicity decreased shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight of tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlings
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- As toxicity conditionse1
- Outcome
- growth attributes (shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight)e1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e1“Present evidence reveals that plant grown in As toxicity conditions exhibited a decrease in growth attributes (shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic toxicity suppressed chlorophyll biosynthesis, nutrient homeostasis and the glyoxalase system in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- As toxicity conditionse1
- Outcome
- biosynthesis mechanism of chlorophyll (Chl), nutrients homeostasis [Ca2+, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] and glyoxalase systeme2
- Direction
- supressede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e1“Present evidence reveals that plant grown in As toxicity conditions exhibited a decrease in growth attributes (shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight)”
e2“supressed the biosynthesis mechanism of chlorophyll (Chl), nutrients homeostasis [Ca2+, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] and glyoxalase system”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous arsenic induced overproduction of ROS and methylglyoxal in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Ase3
- Outcome
- over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG)e3
- Direction
- inducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e3“Exogenous As induced the over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous arsenic enhanced chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Ase3
- Gene
- chlorophyllase (Chlase)e4
- Outcome
- Chl degrading enzymee4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e3“Exogenous As induced the over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG)”
e4“and enhanced Chl degrading enzyme [chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity in tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Ca2+ and/or JA suppressed the adverse effect of arsenic on tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of Ca2+ and/or JAe5
- Outcome
- adverse effect of Ase5
- Direction
- supressede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e5“However, exogenous application of Ca2+ and/or JA supressed the adverse effect of As”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Ca2+ and JA application was more effective than their individual effects on tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of Ca2+ and JAe6
- Outcome
- more effectivee6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Comparator
- their individual effectse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e6“combined application of Ca2+ and JA was found to be more effective than their individual effects to the seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of Ca2+ and JA together significantly enhanced chlorophyll biosynthesis in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of Ca2+ and JA togethere7
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of Chle7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e7“Application of Ca2+ and JA together significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of Chl”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of Ca2+ and JA together suppressed chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of Ca2+ and JA togethere7
- Gene
- Chlasee6
- Outcome
- Chlase activitye6
- Direction
- supressinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e7“Application of Ca2+ and JA together significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of Chl”
e6“by supressing Chlase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of Ca2+ and JA together enhanced delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of Ca2+ and JA togethere7
- Gene
- δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD)e6
- Outcome
- activitye6
- Direction
- enhancinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e7“Application of Ca2+ and JA together significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of Chl”
e6“enhancing the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of Ca2+ and JA together improved glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activity in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of Ca2+ and JA togethere7
- Gene
- glyoxalase I (Gly I) and Gly IIe6
- Outcome
- activity of glyoxalase I (Gly I) and Gly IIe6
- Direction
- improvede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e7“Application of Ca2+ and JA together significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of Chl”
e6“and also improved activity of glyoxalase I (Gly I) and Gly II activity (responsible for the detoxification of MG )”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Ca2+ and JA maintained the balance supply of nutrients and glycine betaine in tomato seedlings under arsenic toxicity.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous supply of Ca2+ and JAe6
- Outcome
- balance supply of nutrients and glycine betainee6
- Direction
- maintainede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e6“Exogenous supply of Ca2+ and JA maintained the balance supply of nutrients and glycine betaine in tomato seedlings under As toxicity conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Ca2+ and JA suppressed ROS overproduction in tomato seedlings by modulating antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Combined application of Ca2+ and JAe6
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductasee6
- Outcome
- overproduction of ROSe6
- Direction
- supressede6
- Qualifier
- by modulating activity of antioxidant enzymese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e6“Combined application of Ca2+ and JA supressed the overproduction of ROS by modulating activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase”
Claim · model-written summary
With the Ca2+ chelator EGTA, the efficacy of Ca2+ was eliminated, confirming the role of Ca2+ and JA in arsenic tolerance.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- supplied with the Ca2+-chelator EGTAe6
- Compound
- EGTAe6
- Outcome
- efficacy of Ca2+e6
- Direction
- eliminatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e6“When Ca2+ and JA were supplied with the Ca2+-chelator EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid), the efficacy of Ca2+ was eliminated”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca2+ and JA together mediated arsenic tolerance of tomato seedlings by improving physiological defence mechanisms.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Ca2+ and JA togethere6
- Outcome
- As tolerancee6
- Qualifier
- by improving physiological defence mechanismse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mitigating arsenic stress in tomato seedlings”
e6“Thus, it is evident that Ca2+ and JA together mediated As tolerance of tomato seedlings t by improving physiological defence mechanisms”
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- positive
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8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.