Abstract
Despite the well-known individual roles of potassium (K + ) and jasmonic acid (JA) in plant responses to various stresses, their combined effects on improving tolerance to metalloid arsenate (As V ) toxicity and their influence on physiological and biochemical mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the concomitant role of K + and JA in nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) metabolisms and regulation of antioxidant system in tomato seedlings under As V toxicity conditions. The obtained data reveal that K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application. Seedlings subjected to As V exhibited suppressed morphological attributes (shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, and shoot and root dry weight), and physio-biochemical characteristics. Also, As V -treated tomato seedlings showed enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased the activity of ROS-producing enzymes (O 2 •— -generating NADPH oxidase activity and H 2 O 2 -generating glycolate oxidase] and also a chlorophyll (Chl) degrading enzyme [chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity]. However, the exogenous supply of K + and JA synergistically inhibited Chl degradation and overproduction of ROS by suppressing their responsible enzymes activity. Moreover, it induced gas exchange parameters and activity of enzymes responsible for the photosynthesis process (carbonic anhydrase and Rubisco), Chl biosynthesis ( δ -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase), and suppressed Chlase activity, and overproduction of ROS and their producing enzymes activity. Most interestingly, the combined application of K + and JA substantially increased N and S content and their assimilation by upregulating the activity of enzymes involved in these key pathways (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, ATP sulfurylase, adenosine 5-phosphosulfate reductase, O -acetylserine (thiol) lyase and sulfide reductase). The obtained results strongly reveal that the combined application of K + and JA improved tolerance of tomato seedlings to As V toxicity by enhancing N and S assimilation pathways and antioxidant system.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium or jasmonic acid improved seedling tolerance to arsenate, with their combination more effective than individual application.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- K + and JAe0
- Outcome
- tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicitye0
- Direction
- more efficiente0
- Comparator
- alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate suppressed shoot and root length and fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- As Ve0
- Outcome
- shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, and shoot and root dry weighte0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings subjected to As V exhibited suppressed morphological attributes (shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, and shoot and root dry weight)”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate suppressed physiological and biochemical characteristics.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- As Ve0
- Outcome
- physio-biochemical characteristicse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings subjected to As V exhibited suppressed morphological attributes (shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, and shoot and root dry weight), and physio-biochemical characteristics.”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate increased reactive oxygen species in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- As Ve0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As V -treated tomato seedlings showed enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate increased ROS-producing and chlorophyllase enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- As Ve1
- Gene
- NADPH oxidasee0
- Outcome
- activity of ROS-producing enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activity of ROS-producing enzymes (O 2 •— -generating NADPH oxidase activity and H 2 O 2 -generating glycolate oxidase] and also a chlorophyll (Chl) degrading enzyme [chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity]”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium and jasmonic acid inhibited chlorophyll degradation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- K + and JAe0
- Outcome
- Chl degradatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exogenous supply of K + and JA synergistically inhibited Chl degradation and overproduction of ROS by suppressing their responsible enzymes activity”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium and jasmonic acid inhibited ROS overproduction by suppressing related enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- K + and JAe0
- Outcome
- overproduction of ROSe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- suppressing their responsible enzymes activitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exogenous supply of K + and JA synergistically inhibited Chl degradation and overproduction of ROS by suppressing their responsible enzymes activity”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased gas exchange parameters.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- K + and JAe1
- Outcome
- gas exchange parameterse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it induced gas exchange parameters and activity of enzymes responsible for the photosynthesis process”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased photosynthetic and chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- K + and JAe1
- Gene
- carbonic anhydrase and Rubiscoe0
- Outcome
- activity of enzymes responsible for the photosynthesis processe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activity of enzymes responsible for the photosynthesis process (carbonic anhydrase and Rubisco), Chl biosynthesis ( δ -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase)”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased nitrogen and sulfur content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- K + and JAe0
- Outcome
- N and S contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of K + and JA substantially increased N and S content and their assimilation”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased nitrogen and sulfur assimilation by upregulating related enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- K + and JAe0
- Outcome
- N and S content and their assimilatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- upregulating the activity of enzymes involved in these key pathwayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of K + and JA substantially increased N and S content and their assimilation by upregulating the activity of enzymes involved in these key pathways”
e1“K + and/or JA boosted the tolerance of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings to As V toxicity. However, the effect of a combined dose of K + and JA was found to be more efficient as compared to the alone application.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
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