Abstract
Abstract Research establishing optimal sowing dates and irrigation can help to alleviate the adverse effects of drought on safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of sowing date and irrigation quantity on safflower traits. Irrigation treatments were applied based on crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) at the vegetative, flowering, and capitulum development stages. Evapotranspiration increased as the number of irrigations increased. Morphological, yield and oil traits, and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly higher in the early than in late sowing. Grain yield varied from 440 to 1,460 kg ha −1 in early and from 340 to 1,240 kg ha −1 in late sowing dates. Oil yield of early sown safflower varied between 188.56 and 338.84 kg ha −1 and between 24.4 and 308.82 kg ha −1 in late sowing. The oil yield of one supplemental irrigation in the vegetative stage (I1V treatment) was significantly lower than in treatments with two (I2VF, vegetative and flowering stages) and three supplemental irrigations (I3VFG, vegetative, flowering, and capitulum development stages) in early sowing. In late sowing, the oil yield of I2VF was higher than other irrigation treatments. The range of saving irrigation water in I1 treatments was from 57.0 to 83.0% in early sowing but with a corresponding 30.0 to 66.0% reduction in grain yield compared with full irrigation treatment. For most of the tested traits, irrigation in the vegetative and especially flowering stages improved safflower yield and WUE, and thus can be an alternative irrigation strategy for water conservation in dry regions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Evapotranspiration increased as the number of irrigations increased
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- number of irrigationse1
- Outcome
- Evapotranspiratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e1“Evapotranspiration increased as the number of irrigations increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological, yield and oil traits were higher in early than in late sowing
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- earlye2
- Outcome
- Morphological, yield and oil traitse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- late sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e2“Morphological, yield and oil traits, and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly higher in the early than in late sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency was higher in early than in late sowing
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- earlye2
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- late sowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e2“Morphological, yield and oil traits, and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly higher in the early than in late sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield in early sowing ranged from 440 to 1,460 kg ha −1
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde3
- Value
- 440 to 1,460 kg ha −1e3
- Qualifier
- in earlye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e3“Grain yield varied from 440 to 1,460 kg ha −1 in early and from 340 to 1,240 kg ha −1 in late sowing dates”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield in late sowing ranged from 340 to 1,240 kg ha −1
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde3
- Value
- 340 to 1,240 kg ha −1e3
- Qualifier
- in late sowing datese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e3“Grain yield varied from 440 to 1,460 kg ha −1 in early and from 340 to 1,240 kg ha −1 in late sowing dates”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil yield in early sowing ranged from 188.56 to 338.84 kg ha −1
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- Oil yielde4
- Value
- 188.56 and 338.84 kg ha −1e4
- Qualifier
- early sowne4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e4“Oil yield of early sown safflower varied between 188.56 and 338.84 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil yield in late sowing ranged from 24.4 to 308.82 kg ha −1
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- Oil yielde4
- Value
- 24.4 and 308.82 kg ha −1e5
- Qualifier
- in late sowinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e4“Oil yield of early sown safflower varied between 188.56 and 338.84 kg ha −1”
e5“and between 24.4 and 308.82 kg ha −1 in late sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
One supplemental irrigation at the vegetative stage gave significantly lower oil yield than two or three supplemental irrigations in early sowing
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- one supplemental irrigation in the vegetative stage (I1V treatment)e6
- Outcome
- oil yielde6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Qualifier
- in early sowinge6
- Comparator
- two (I2VF, vegetative and flowering stages)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e6“The oil yield of one supplemental irrigation in the vegetative stage (I1V treatment) was significantly lower than in treatments with two (I2VF, vegetative and flowering stages) and three supplemental irrigations (I3VFG, vegetative, flowering, and capitulum development stages) in early sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
In late sowing, the I2VF irrigation gave higher oil yield than other irrigation treatments
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- I2VFe7
- Outcome
- oil yielde7
- Direction
- highere7
- Qualifier
- In late sowinge7
- Comparator
- other irrigation treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e7“In late sowing, the oil yield of I2VF was higher than other irrigation treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Saving of irrigation water by I1 treatments ranged from 57.0 to 83.0% in early sowing
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- I1 treatmentse7
- Outcome
- saving irrigation watere7
- Value
- 57.0 to 83.0%e7
- Qualifier
- in early sowinge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e7“The range of saving irrigation water in I1 treatments was from 57.0 to 83.0% in early sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
I1 treatments reduced grain yield by 30.0 to 66.0% compared with full irrigation
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- I1 treatmentse7
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- reductione6
- Value
- 30.0 to 66.0%e6
- Comparator
- full irrigation treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e7“The range of saving irrigation water in I1 treatments was from 57.0 to 83.0% in early sowing”
e6“with a corresponding 30.0 to 66.0% reduction in grain yield compared with full irrigation treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation in the vegetative and especially flowering stages improved safflower yield and WUE for most traits
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- irrigation in the vegetative and especially flowering stagese7
- Outcome
- safflower yield and WUEe7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Qualifier
- For most of the tested traitse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e7“For most of the tested traits, irrigation in the vegetative and especially flowering stages improved safflower yield and WUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental irrigation in vegetative and flowering stages can be an alternative strategy for water conservation in dry regions
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- irrigation strategy for water conservation in dry regionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower”
e7“can be an alternative irrigation strategy for water conservation in dry regions”
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2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.