Abstract
Morphological characteristics, dry matter production, and nutritional values of winter forage and grains were evaluated. This study was conducted from April 24, 2012 to November 7, 2013 in the Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil. Pastures under one grazing and non-grazing conditions were evaluated under 120 kg N ha-1 fertilization split into two 60 kg N ha-1 treatments. Two pastures received 40 kg N ha-1 three times. IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale were the test crops. Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1 did not change morphological characteristics until 60 d after sowing. Pastures under non-grazing that received 120 kg N ha-1 treatments were taller than the controls, whereas those under grazing that received 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 presented with higher leaf production than did the controls. Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale. Split N fertilization did not cause differences in the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the forage. Nevertheless, increases in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were observed in oat and wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze. IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze. Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains, but reduced those of oat. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that grazing lengthens the crop cycles, and so allow the staggered sowing of summer crops.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1 did not alter morphological traits through 60 days after sowing.
- Treatment
- Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- morphological characteristicse0
- Direction
- did not changee0
- Qualifier
- until 60 d after sowinge0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1 did not change morphological characteristics until 60 d after sowing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-grazed pastures receiving 120 kg N ha-1 were taller than controls.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Pastures under non-grazing that received 120 kg N ha-1 treatments were taller than the controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazed pastures receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 produced more leaves than controls.
- Treatment
- 80 or 120 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- leaf productione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under grazinge0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“those under grazing that received 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 presented with higher leaf production than did the controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat dry matter production was 5,275 kg ha-1 in 2012 and 6,270 kg ha-1 in 2013.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae0 - Outcome
- dry matter (DM) productione0
- Value
- 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- 2012 and 2013e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat dry matter production was 3,166 kg ha-1 in 2012 and 7,423 kg ha-1 in 2013.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Value
- 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1e0
Not reportedOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Triticale dry matter production was 4,552 kg ha-1 in 2012 and 7,603 kg ha-1 in 2013.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalee0 - Value
- 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1e0
Not reportedOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrogen fertilization did not change forage crude protein, neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent fiber levels.
- Treatment
- Split N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF)e0
- Direction
- did not cause differencese0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Split N fertilization did not cause differences in the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the forage.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the first graze, 60 kg N ha-1 increased oat forage in vitro dry matter digestibility.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- 60 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- during the first grazee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were observed in oat and wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze”
Claim · model-written summary
At the first graze, 60 kg N ha-1 increased wheat forage in vitro dry matter digestibility.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 60 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- during the first grazee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were observed in oat and wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat forage IVDMD did not change with 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 at the second graze.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- 80 or 120 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- IVDMDe0
- Direction
- did not changee0
- Qualifier
- during the second grazee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat forage IVDMD did not change with 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 at the second graze.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 80 or 120 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- IVDMDe0
- Direction
- did not changee0
- Qualifier
- during the second grazee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze”
Claim · model-written summary
Triticale forage IVDMD did not change with 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 at the second graze.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- 80 or 120 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- IVDMDe0
- Direction
- did not changee0
- Qualifier
- during the second grazee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing did not affect wheat grain nutritional value.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Grazinge0
- Outcome
- nutritional valuese0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing did not affect triticale grain nutritional value.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- Grazinge0
- Outcome
- nutritional valuese0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing reduced oat grain nutritional value.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- Grazinge0
- Outcome
- nutritional valuese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains, but reduced those of oat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest grazing lengthens crop cycles and permits staggered sowing of summer crops.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“grazing lengthens the crop cycles, and so allow the staggered sowing of summer crops”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.