Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the preservative and upgrading potential of urea added to whole‐crop triticale. Triticale, harvested at different growth stages according to Feekes' scale (10.51, 10.54, 11.1 and 11.2), was ensiled with four levels of urea (0, 30, 60 and 90 g kg −1 dry matter (DM)) and stored in plastic bags for 60 days. Data were analysed as a factorial design with growth stage and urea level as the main factors. Urea was extensively hydrolysed (more than 90% of added urea). Urea breakdown was not affected by urea level ( P > 0.05) but decreased significantly with growth stage ( P < 0.001). Microbial activity measured by pH, volatile fatty acid production and total non‐structural carbohydrate concentration was significantly reduced by the urea level. Urea treatment significantly ( P < 0.001) increased water‐soluble and ammonium nitrogen; more than 85% of the added nitrogen was retained. Application of urea at a rate of 60 and 90 g kg −1 DM significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and increased ( P < 0.05) the NDF and acid detergent fibre in vitro digestibility. Whole‐crop triticale harvested at later growth stages (approximately 60% DM) can be effectively preserved and upgraded by ensiling with 60–90 g urea kg −1 DM. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
More than 90% of added urea was hydrolyzed in triticale silage.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalet0 - Outcome
- Ureae0
- Value
- more than 90%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urea was extensively hydrolysed (more than 90% of added urea)”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea level did not significantly affect urea breakdown.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- urea levele0
- Outcome
- Urea breakdowne0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urea breakdown was not affected by urea level ( P > 0.05) but decreased significantly with growth stage ( P < 0.001)”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea breakdown decreased significantly with later growth stage.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Organ / stage
- growth stagee0
- Outcome
- Urea breakdowne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urea breakdown was not affected by urea level ( P > 0.05) but decreased significantly with growth stage ( P < 0.001)”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing urea level reduced microbial activity measured by pH, volatile fatty acids, and nonstructural carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- urea levele0
- Outcome
- Microbial activity measured by pH, volatile fatty acid production and total non‐structural carbohydrate concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial activity measured by pH, volatile fatty acid production and total non‐structural carbohydrate concentration was significantly reduced by the urea level”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea treatment increased water-soluble and ammonium nitrogen significantly.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Urea treatmente0
- Outcome
- water‐soluble and ammonium nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urea treatment significantly ( P < 0.001) increased water‐soluble and ammonium nitrogen; more than 85% of the added nitrogen was retained”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 85% of added nitrogen was retained in treated triticale.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- added nitrogene0
- Value
- more than 85%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urea treatment significantly ( P < 0.001) increased water‐soluble and ammonium nitrogen; more than 85% of the added nitrogen was retained”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea at 60 or 90 g kg −1 DM significantly reduced neutral detergent fibre content.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- urea at a rate of 60 and 90 g kg −1 DMe0
- Outcome
- neutral detergent fibre (NDF) contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of urea at a rate of 60 and 90 g kg −1 DM significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and increased ( P < 0.05) the NDF and acid detergent fibre in vitro digestibility”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea at 60 or 90 g kg −1 DM significantly increased neutral and acid detergent fibre digestibility.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- urea at a rate of 60 and 90 g kg −1 DMe0
- Outcome
- NDF and acid detergent fibre in vitro digestibilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of urea at a rate of 60 and 90 g kg −1 DM significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and increased ( P < 0.05) the NDF and acid detergent fibre in vitro digestibility”
t0“triticale”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: grain · x Triticosecale (triticale)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.